铝合金表面油污清洗剂的制备及其腐蚀性研究

采用正交试验、单因素试验、电化学测试和扫描电镜等方法,研究了铝合金表面清洗剂中表面活性剂组分、各类助剂组分、清洗温度和清洗时间对清洗效率的影响以及所制备水基清洗剂对铝合金基体的腐蚀性.结果表明:清洗剂母液中表面活性剂组分的最佳配比为十二烷基苯磺酸钠1.5 g·L-1、辛基酚聚氧乙烯醚8.0 g·L-1、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚8.0 g·L-1、壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚4.0 g·L-1,各类助剂组分的最佳配比为硅酸钠1.0 g·L-1、聚二甲基硅氧烷0.1 g·L-1、钼酸钠0.2 g·L-1、乙二胺四乙酸二钠0.2 g·L-1;将母液与自来水按体积比1:20混合均匀后得到工作液,工作液的最佳清洗温度为40℃、最佳清洗时间为5 min;与市售清洗剂相比,自制清洗剂的清洗效率略高但腐蚀性明显降低.     

可降解型低温精练助剂的制备及应用研究

采用脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚、顺丁烯二酸酐和反丁烯二酸为主要原料合成了系列羧化对称型脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚马来酸双酯Gemini表面活性剂,并将其作为棉织物的低温精练助剂。探讨了不同聚氧乙烯醚链段和不同脂肪链端基的双子表面活性剂用作精练剂的效果,结果表明羧化对称型月桂醇聚氧乙烯醚(9)马来酸双脂双子表面活性剂(DLEO9)的效果最好。详细研究了该双子表面活性剂对棉织物精练时温度、时间、碱和表面活性剂用量与失重和毛效之间的关系,精练后布样的失重率随精练温度的提高而增大,但毛细管效应随温度变化不同。最佳的精练工艺为:温度为85℃,时间为120 min,NaOH质量浓度为20 g/L,DLEO9质量浓度为1 g/L,浴比为1∶30。在相同条件下,DLEO9的精练效果优于常用的渗透剂JFC。     

中低温无磷除油剂的研究

以异构C10醇聚氧乙烯醚(A9)代替壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(TX-10)并复配以低泡表面活性剂和高效乳化剂,通过正交试验得到用于金属表面处理的中低温无磷除油剂配方如下:十二烷基苯磺酸钠(LAS)1.5g/L,A93.0g/L,脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(AEO-9)1.5g/L,脂肪醇-亚烷基氧化物共聚物(168)1.5g/L,特殊结构APG(AS48)1.0g/L,Na2SiO3·5H2O4.0g/L,烷基取代二元羧酸盐(DG-V)20g/L,NaOH10g/L,C6H5O7Na3·2H2O1.0g/L。该除油剂漂洗性能好,除油能力好,对试片的腐蚀量低。     

新型无磷除油剂的研制

为了研制环保、高效的除油剂,选择生物降解性好的阴离子表面活性剂木质素磺酸钠代替十二烷基苯磺酸钠,并复配非离子表面活性剂烷基糖苷及易生物降解的脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚,同时筛选除油能力强的无磷助洗剂聚天冬氨酸、五水偏硅酸钠。通过正交试验得到新型无磷除油剂的最佳配方,4g/L木质素磺酸钠,2.8g/L烷基糖苷,2.8g/L脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚,7g/L聚天冬氨酸,6g/L五水偏硅酸钠,15g/L碳酸钠。结果表明,该除油剂具有较强的清洗能力,不含磷化物,对环境友好。     

降低丝瓜络油脂残留量的研究

采用正交试验法，用4种表面活性剂(十二烷基苯磺酸钠、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚硫酸钠、烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚，烷醇酰胺)和助剂聚乙烯醇对丝瓜络进行表面改性处理，通过测定改性后丝瓜络使用后的油脂残留量，获取适宜PVA浓度(3g／L～4g/L)下最佳表面活性剂配方为：m(AES)：m(LAS)：m(6501)：m(OP)=5：8：2：8。最后使改性后的丝瓜络的植物油与动物油残留量分别降为原来的l／14和l／16，使用寿命延长2倍～3倍。这种改性丝瓜络还具有韧性高、透气性好、易清洗和不霉变等特点，且在餐具上无表面活性剂残留，方便快捷。改性丝瓜络可作为家庭、宾馆和饭店的理想洗洁用具。     

室温高效环保水基油污清洗剂的研制

研究了α-烯基磺酸钠(AOS)、烷基糖苷(APG0814)、平平加O-10和聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚这4种表面活性剂对45钢和HT300灰铸铁上油污的清洗能力,得到了一种高效环保的室温水基油污清洗剂,其配方为:聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚7 g/L,AOS 6 g/L,平平加O-10 6 g/L,APG0814 2 g/L,消泡剂BL-8601 2 g/L,羧酸盐防锈剂1.2~1.3 g/L。该清洗剂无毒,具有清洗率高、低泡、防锈性好的优点,各项性能满足JB/T 4323.1–1999《水基金属清洗剂》的要求。     

环保型A_3钢除油除锈配方

环保型A3钢除油除锈由盐酸(200 mL/L)、草酸(70 g/L)、脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚(30 g/L)、OP-10(2 mL/L)、EDTA.2Na(30 g/L)、乌洛托品(4 g/L)等组成。盐酸含量为主要除锈影响因素,草酸的加入使酸雾明显减少,表面活性剂具有去油、抑雾等作用。由于配方各组分的协同作用使得该工艺具有常温、快速、高效、环保等特点。     

钢铁件阴极电解除油用表面活性剂的筛选

通过对20余种表面活性剂的浊点、泡沫性能、HLB值、化学需氧量(CODCr)、表面张力及除油率的测定,选出聚醚磺酸盐(DLL)、烷基糖苷(CAL)和脂肪醇聚氧乙烯醚9(AEO-9)用于钢铁件阴极电解除油,其最佳用量分别为4、3和4 g/L。以该表面活性剂配方加上无水碳酸钾10 g/L、多聚磷酸钠10 g/L和五水偏硅酸钠5 g/L配制而成的除油液在温度60~70°C、电流密度2 A/dm~2、除油时间10 s的条件下使用,具有除油效率高、低泡、环保等特点。     

常温环保型金属除油剂的研制

选用可生物降解型表面活性剂研制了一种无磷环保常温金属除油剂。用重量法考察了表面活性剂和助洗剂对除油率的影响,采用正交试验优化了工艺参数。结果表明,氢氧化钠质量浓度为1 g/L,柠檬酸钠为3 g/L,偏硅酸钠为6.5 g/L,异构醇聚氧乙烯醚为4 g/L,长链羧酸酯聚氧乙烯为1 g/L时,30°C下浸泡10 min,除油率可达99.0%。     

表面活性剂的选择及其在铝系清洗剂中的应用

通过对几种不同阴离子和非离子表面活性剂的基本性能进行测试,筛选出清洗率较优异且适用于铝系清洗剂的4种表面活性剂。通过正交实验,得到4种表面活性剂的最佳用量分别为原料E 3.00 g/L、原料A 2.40 g/L、原料C 2.20 g/L及原料B 2.40 g/L。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。