机械通气抢救有机磷农药中毒并发呼吸衰竭28例体会

目的 探讨机械通气抢救急性有机磷中毒并发呼吸衰竭的方法及其疗效.方法 回顾总结28例急性有机磷农药中毒并发呼吸衰竭机械通气的抢救经验.结果 28例急性有机磷农药中毒并发呼吸衰竭机械通气患者抢救成功率96.4％.结论 机械通气可有效提高重度有机磷农药中毒的抢救成功率.     

早期机械通气抢救重度有机磷中毒的护理体会

目的探讨早期机械通气抢救重度有机磷农药中毒（AOPP）患者的护理措施。方法在及时彻底洗胃,早期足量使用特效解毒药,尽快达到阿托品化的同时,早期机械通气,加强病情观察及护理。结果32例重度有机磷中毒患者,经机械通气抢救成功26例,死亡6例,成功率81％,机械通气前后血气分析比较有显著性差异（P〈0．05）。结论重度有机磷农药中毒患者在系统的急诊治疗时,早期应用机械通气,加强病情观察及良好护理是抢救成功的关键。     

机械辅助呼吸抢救重度有机磷中毒36例分析

目的 探讨机械辅助呼吸在抢救重度有机磷农药中毒所致呼吸衰竭中的作用.方法 临床观察急性有机磷中毒合并呼吸衰竭患者36例,均采用洗胃、灌肠、应用胆碱酯酶复能剂、抗胆碱药物、有创机械通气治疗.结果 呼吸衰竭脱机成功、痊愈出院32例,4例死亡.结论 及时机械辅助呼吸、合理应用胆碱酯酶复能剂与抗胆碱药物在抢救重度有机磷中毒合并呼吸衰竭中十分重要.     

重度有机磷中毒呼吸衰竭机械通气治疗体会

急性有机磷中毒(AOPP)是基层医院的常见急诊.其中,急性呼吸衰竭是重度有机磷中毒常见并发症之一,是威胁患者生命的主要因素[1],及时进行机械通气是抢救有机磷中毒所致呼吸衰竭的重要措施.广元市中心医院ICU 2005~2010年采用机械通气抢救重度有机磷农药中毒并发呼吸衰竭37例,取得了较好疗效,现总结体会如下.     

沙蚕毒素杀虫剂重度中毒的临床抢救

目的探讨沙蚕毒素杀虫剂重度中毒在临床的治疗方法.方法 43例重度中毒分为对照组17例(2000年以前治疗组),实验组26例(2000年以后治疗组),2000年以后重度中毒患者给予气管插管,洗胃,机械通气,血透等综合治疗与对照组进行比较.结果轻度、中度中毒采用常用的方法均能有效治愈,但重度中毒的患者能明显地提高抢救的成功率和治愈率,并缩短患者的住院时间.结论沙蚕毒素杀虫剂重度中毒患者给予除中毒的常规抢救措施外应给予气管插管,机械通气,血液透析.     

机械通气在重度有机磷中毒治疗中的应用体会

目的探讨机械通气在治疗重度有机磷中毒所致呼吸衰竭中的作用。方法对18例重度有机磷中毒所致呼吸衰竭患者采用机械通气治疗。结果 16例患者治愈出院,2例死亡。机械通气时间2 h～9 d,平均时间为52.4 h。结论尽早机械通气是成功救治急性有机磷中毒所致呼吸衰竭的关键措施。     

急性有机磷中毒中间综合征35例急救分析

目的探讨急性有机磷中毒中间综合征(IMS)的临床特征和治疗方法。方法对35例IMS的临床表现,治疗方法进行回顾性分析。结果 35例IMS患者均给予气管插管行机械及胆碱酯酶复能剂通气治疗,抢救成功32例,死亡3例,抢救成功率85.7%。结论当IMS患者发生呼吸困难时,必须立即给予气管插管,机械通气,为了减少通气过程中的呼吸机依赖,加强营养支持,防止感染,合理机械通气。     

预防性气管插管在抢救钩吻中毒的作用分析

目的探讨钩吻中毒的急救方法。方法在急诊中应用预防性气管插管抢救钩吻中毒患者20例。立即给予呼吸、心电、血氧饱和度等监护。均予预防性气管插管,连接呼吸机机械通气治疗,通气模式SIMV,呼吸频率16～18次／min,潮气量6～8ml／kg,3例肺水肿者加用PEEP5～10cmH2O。在稳定呼吸循环的同时,14例给予清水洗胃20％甘露醇导泻,6例仅予20％甘露醇导泻。结果本组经1～3周治疗,治愈出院18例,死亡2例。治愈者均顺利脱机,机械通气时间（4．6±2．2）d。2例死亡患者食物残渣显色反应均为强阳性,直接死亡原因均为呼吸衰竭。结论预防性气管插管是抢救钩吻中毒的首要措施。     

新生儿机械通气气管内吸痰的护理

目的 比较气管内吸痰对机械通气抢救新生儿呼吸衰竭的影响。方法 对使用高频呼吸机机械通气抢救的呼吸衰竭新生儿32例进行气管内吸痰。结果 32例呼吸衰竭患儿经机械通气后抢救成功，无1例因痰液阻塞或吸痰操作不当而造成抢救失败。结论 新生儿机械通气气管内吸痰对机械通气的成功至关重要。     

不同呼气末正压对手足口病并神经源性肺水肿机械通气患儿的效果及对中心静脉压的影响

目的探讨机械通气治疗手足口病并神经源性肺水肿患儿的效果,探讨呼气末正压的选择,以及其对循环的影响。方法回顾性分析了2011年3月至2011年12月我院PICU成功救治的32例手足口病并发神经源性肺水肿、肺出血患儿,经口气管插管,机械通气,选择压力控制通气模式,加用呼吸末正压。结果 32例患儿均抢救成功。机械通气时间3d 11h～18d 8h。结论机械通气治疗手足口病并神经源性肺水肿,能够迅速改善患儿症状和低氧血症,适当的呼吸末正压选择能显著降低死亡率,是一种必要、有效、安全的治疗方法,但对患儿循环有明显影响,尤其是对中心静脉压（CVP）影响较大。     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence among men and women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders

This study explored gender-related symptoms and correlates of alcohol dependence in a crosssectional study of 150 men and 150 women with a lifetime diagnosis of alcohol use disorders (AUD). Participants were recruited in equal numbers from treatment settings, correctional centres and the general community. Standardized measures were used to determine participants' use of substances, history of psychiatric disorders and psychosocial stress, their sensation seeking and family history of substance use and mental health disorders. Multivariate analyses were used to detect patterns of variables associated with gender and the lifetime severity of AUD. Men had a longer history of severe AUD than women. Women had similar levels of alcohol dependence and medical and psychological sequelae as men, despite 6 fewer years of AUD. More women than men had a history of severe psychosocial stress, severe dependence on other substances and antecedent mental health problems, especially mood and anxiety disorders. There were differences in family history of alcohol-related problems approximating same-gender aggregation. The severity of a lifetime AUD was predicted by its earlier age at onset and the occurrence of other disorders, especially anxiety, among both men and women. The limitations in the generalizability of these findings due to sample idiosyncrasies are discussed.