儿童眼眶转移性神经母细胞瘤和绿色瘤的特征性MR表现

目的 分析儿童眼眶转移性神经母细胞瘤和绿色瘤的特征性MR表现。资料与方法 回顾性分析经手术病理证实的9例儿童眼眶转移性神经母细胞瘤和5例绿色瘤的CT和MRI表现。所有病例均行CT平扫以及MRI平扫和增强扫描。结果 14例CT表现均为眼眶不规则肿块和邻近的眶壁溶骨性骨质破坏，7例骨质破坏区邻近的颅内可见扁平不规则肿块。2例转移性神经母细胞瘤表现为眼眶肌锥外间隙肿块内有与眶外壁垂直的针状高密度影。14例MRI表现为眼眶肌锥外间隙略长T1、略长T2信号不规则软组织影，7例骨质破坏区邻近的颅内硬膜外间隙可见略长T1、略长T2信号扁平不规则肿块，增强后明显强化。14例双侧眶骨及蝶骨大翼，9例斜坡和双侧岩尖及2例双侧颞骨鳞部骨髓腔脂肪高信号影被略长T1、略长T2信号影取代，采用脂肪抑制的增强T1WI显示均有强化，强化程度与眼眶内肿块相似。结论 儿童眼眶转移性神经母细胞瘤和绿色瘤的眶壁和颅面骨MR表现具有特征，有助于诊断和鉴别诊断。     

鼻硬结病CT和MRI诊断

目的探讨鼻硬结病的CT和MRI表现，提高其诊断准确性。资料与方法回顾性分析10例经病理证实的鼻硬结病的影像学资料。结果起源于鼻腔7例，鼻窦3例。CT表现：鼻腔硬结病表现为实性软组织影2例，索条影5例，7例均见中下鼻甲破坏，4例鼻中隔破坏；7例均侵及邻近鼻窦，其中上颌窦内壁可见不同程度的骨质破坏，其余各窦壁骨质明显增生硬化，以上颌窦、蝶窦最显著；2例侵犯眼眶，侵犯翼腭窝及颅内各1例。鼻窦硬结病表现为窦腔充以不规则软组织肿块影，相应处窦壁骨质破坏，同时伴周围骨质硬化，3例均侵犯翼腭窝，2例侵犯眼眶及颅内。MRI表现：T1WI呈等信号(与脑实质比较)3例，稍高信号4例；T277I呈等信号2例，明显低信号5例，但信号不均匀；均可见不同程度强化；窦腔外周伴阻塞性炎症，T1WI呈等或稍低信号，T2WI呈明显高信号，有明显强化。结论CT可清楚显示骨质改变，是诊断鼻腔硬结病的主要影像方法；MRI能准确显示病变向邻近结构侵犯的范围，为临床分期、制定治疗方案提供依据。CT和MRI两种影像方法结合能较准确地对鼻窦硬结病作出诊断。     

颞骨肿块的影像学研究

目的 研究颞骨肿块的CT、MRI和DSA表现及其临床价值。方法 对照分析21例颞骨肿块的CT、MRI和DSA表现与手术病理表现。结果 5例颈静脉球瘤均显示“椒盐征”和肿瘤明显染色。3例鼓室球瘤表现为鼓室内明显强化的软组织影和肿瘤明显染色。4例内淋巴囊肿瘤CT表现为岩骨迷路后前庭水管区和中内耳软组织肿块及骨质破坏，MRI表现为“椒盐征”，T1WI示肿块边缘有环形高信号影，DSA示3例内淋巴囊腺样囊性癌明显染色。4例外中耳鳞癌CT表现为不规则软组织肿块以及中外耳广泛骨质破坏，1例DSA表现有肿瘤染色。2例软骨肉瘤CT表现为含有点片状钙化的软组织肿瘤，1例肿瘤周边可见高密度环。2例鼻咽癌侵犯中内耳，表现为岩部、鼓室、乳突和颈静脉窝不规则肿块和骨质破坏。1例嗜酸性肉芽肿CT表现为岩部、鼓室不规则肿块和骨质破坏。结论 CT和MRI清楚显示肿块的形态、范围和内部结构，能准确定位，CT、MRI和DSA结合有助于肿块的定性诊断，为手术提供依据。     

儿童颅面骨转移性神经母细胞瘤的CT和MRI诊断

目的 探讨儿童颅面骨转移性神经母细胞瘤的CT和MRI特征.方法 分析7例经病理证实的颅面骨转移性神经母细胞瘤患儿的CT和MRI资料,7例患儿均行眼眶CT平扫、MRI平扫和增强扫描,其中5例行上腹部平扫,3例行腹部增强扫描.结果 7例患儿中6例多发,1例单发;多发病灶以颅眶骨交界为著.CT均表现为受累骨质呈虫蚀状破坏,骨皮质毛糙不整,骨膜下可见垂直针状高密度影,受累骨质周围见梭形稍高密度肿块,内见斑点、斑片、不规则高密度影;7例MRI平扫表现为正常骨髓信号被软组织肿块替代,肿块呈等T1、不均匀等、稍长T2信号;MRI增强扫描显示病变不均匀强化,其中4例伴相邻脑膜增厚、异常强化、破坏中断.5例上腹部CT平扫表现为单侧肾上腺区或腹膜后软组织肿块伴腹膜后多发淋巴结肿大,肿瘤密度不均;3例上腹部CT增强扫描显示病变不均匀强化.结论 儿童颅面骨转移性神经母细胞瘤的CT和MRI表现具特征性,CT对针状骨膜反应和肿块内钙化斑的显示较MRI更具鉴别诊断价值,而MRI对病变范围及脑膜转移的显示优于CT.     

慢性侵袭性真菌性鼻窦炎的CT和MRI诊断

目的探讨慢性侵袭性真菌性鼻窦炎的CT和MRI表现及诊断价值。方法回顾性分析经手术、组织病理学证实的10例慢性侵袭性真菌性鼻窦炎的影像学资料。结果慢性侵袭性真菌性鼻窦炎发生于蝶窦5例，上颌窦3例，筛窦2例。CT表现：受累窦腔内充以软组织影，其中1例伴斑点状钙化；窦壁骨质破坏，同时伴周围骨质增生肥厚。MRI表现：T1WI为低信号（与脑实质比较，以下相同）2例，等信号7例；T2WI信号不均匀，7例以低信号为主，2例以高信号为主；增强后病变明显强化。侵犯邻近结构：眼眶9例，其中6例累及眶尖区，可见不规则软组织肿块影，与邻近眼外肌分界不清楚，7例包绕视神经；6例侵犯海绵窦，可见形态不一的软组织影；脑膜增厚、强化5例，3例侵犯脑实质，表现为水肿1例，肉芽肿2例；4例侵犯翼腭窝及颞下窝；3例鼻咽部软组织增厚；2例上颌神经和1例下颌神经明显增粗、强化；3例面颊部软组织肿胀；1例硬腭骨质破坏。结论窦壁骨质破坏伴硬化、MR T2WI低信号、易侵犯眶尖及海绵窦为本病特征性影像学表现。结合CT和MRI2种检查方法能够对本病的诊断、鉴别和治疗提供更可靠的信息。     

CT/MRI在随访嗅神经母细胞瘤的价值(附5例报告)

目的 评价影像学检查在随访嗅神经母细胞瘤的价值.方法 分析5例嗅神经母细胞瘤随访过程中的CT、MRI表现.结果 2例病人的存活时间超过5年. 2例就诊时病变局限于鼻腔,在随访过程中, 1例表现为右侧眼眶区硬膜外软组织肿块,同时左侧鼻腔内亦可见软组织肿块影,CT、MRI显示病变强化均匀,1个月后左侧鼻腔病变显著增大,且破坏了邻近硬腭.另1例病变则呈浸润性生长,CT显示颅底骨质广泛破坏,翼腭窝、颈动脉管、圆孔、卵圆孔均受累.MRI显示病变侵及颅内海绵窦、颈内动脉以及鞍区结构.另3例就诊时已为T4期,病变以鼻腔顶壁、筛窦为中心,侵犯颅内海绵窦以及鞍区结构,颅底骨质破坏.结论 CT/MRI可清晰地显示病变的侵袭范围,对评价病变的生物学生长行为提供了客观依据.     

眼眶血管内皮瘤的影像表现

目的分析4例眼眶血管内皮瘤的影像表现，并复习相关文献帮助了解其表现以及诊断与鉴别诊断要点。方法回顾性分析4例手术病理证实的眼眶血管内皮瘤的CT和MRI表现及MR动态增强扫描的特点。结果3例位于眼眶肌锥外间隙的前颞上象限，1例位于眼眶肌锥外间隙的前鼻下象限。3例呈椭圆形，1例形态不规则。4例CT均呈均匀的等密度，3例邻近的骨质呈受压改变，1例没有骨质改变。4例在MRI上均呈不均匀的略长T1、长T2信号影，可见信号流空影，增强后早期呈明显强化，动态增强扫描的时间信号强度曲线表现为D型。结论眼眶血管内皮瘤主要是位于肌锥外间隙的有血管流空影和早期明显强化的富血管性肿瘤，MRI是显示和诊断眼眶血管内皮瘤的最佳方法。     

椎管内恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤的CT和MRI诊断

目的 探讨椎管内恶性外周神经鞘膜瘤(MPNST)的CT和MRI征象,进一步提高对本病的认识.方法 回顾性分析8例经手术病理证实的椎管内MPNST的CT和MRI征象.8例均行CT检查,6例同时行MRI平扫及增强检查.结果 病变发生于颈椎层面1例,腰椎层面5例,腰-骶椎层面2例.CT表现:8例均表现为椎管内软组织肿块影,密度不均匀,内含多发斑片状低密度影,肿瘤跨2个以上椎体层面且与脊髓分界不清;8例椎管周围骨质皆有不同程度浸润性破坏,其中6例软组织肿块形态不规则,骨质破坏区边缘不规整,骨质破坏较为明显,局部亦可见骨质硬化;2例软组织肿块形态较规则,边缘呈浅分叶状,骨质破坏以压迫吸收为主,但可见局部浸润,破坏区边缘较规整;8例均合并椎间孔扩大.MRI表现:6例平扫均表现为椎管内T1WI等、低信号和T2WI高、低混杂信号,病变内部见不均匀分布的斑片样T1WI低信号和T2WI高信号,病变破坏椎管向周围肌肉、脂肪间隙浸润;增强扫描呈明显不均匀强化.结论 不规则或浅分叶状肿块跨越两个椎体以上、包绕脊神经并椎间孔扩大、浸润性骨质破坏并周围肌肉脂肪浸润、CT密度及MRI信号不均匀,以及明显不均匀强化是椎管内MPNST较典型的影像学征象.     

酷似海绵状血管瘤的眼眶海绵状淋巴管瘤的影像学表现

目的 探讨酷似海绵状血管瘤的眼眶海绵状淋巴管瘤的影像学表现.资料与方法 回顾性分析7例经手术病理证实的眼眶海绵状淋巴管瘤的CT和MRI表现以及MR动态增强扫描的特点.结果 7例均表现为眼眶椭圆形肿块,其中4例累及眼眶后部和眶尖,视神经明显受压移位.7例CT表现均呈等密度,密度均匀.MRI显示7例均呈略长T1长T2信号,信号不均匀,T2WI显示肿块内有散在的条状和小片状低信号.7例MR动态增强扫描都表现为"渐进性强化"征象,其中5例肿块强化范围扩大较快.结论 表现为眼眶内椭圆形肿块的海绵状淋巴管瘤与海绵状血管瘤非常相似,但肿块累及眼眶后部和眶尖及动态增强扫描显示肿瘤强化范围扩大较快高度提示肿瘤为海绵状淋巴管瘤.     

颅眶沟通性脑膜瘤的影像学分析

目的探讨颅眶沟通性脑膜瘤的特征性影像学表现。方法回顾性分析31例经病理证实的颅眶沟通性脑膜瘤患者的影像资料,其中CT检查24例,MRI检查27例。结果颅眶沟通性脑膜瘤分为扁平肥厚型脑膜瘤、视神经鞘脑膜瘤和跨眶上裂脑膜瘤。5例扁平肥厚型脑膜瘤均呈扁平状软组织密度和受累骨质增生肥厚及脑膜尾征,三侧性肿块4例,双侧性肿块1例。眶内及颞窝肿块信号一致,但与颅内肿块信号不同。视神经鞘脑膜瘤19例,其中哑铃形10例,蝌蚪形7例,视神经鞘膜全程不均匀增厚2例,病变均呈软组织密度,其中钙化2例,但骨质均无改变。颅内及眶内病变信号一致,均出现双轨征及脑膜尾征。跨眶上裂脑膜瘤7例,均呈软组织密度并出现脑膜尾征,哑铃形6例,不规则形1例,邻近骨质增生硬化5例(其中1例合并骨质吸收),骨质无变化2例。行MRI检查的4例中,颅内及眶内肿块信号一致3例,不一致1例。结论不同亚型的颅眶沟通性脑膜瘤均有其特征性的表现,综合分析病变形态、位置、密度和信号特征及邻近脑膜和骨质的情况,提高诊断的准确率。     

MR imaging of intracranial tuberculomas

Eight patients with intracranial tuberculomas were studied with CT and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Large, ring enhancing, solid lesions on CT showed low intensity on T2-weighted images and intermediate intensity on T1-weighted images. Small lesions, with ring enhancement on CT, showed central bright signal on T2-weighted images with a peripheral low intensity rim surrounded by high intensity edema. The MR imaging features of the tuberculomas were found to be distinct from those of abscesses, metastases, and gliomas.     

原发性眼眶静脉曲张的CT和MRI表现

目的探讨原发性眼眶静脉曲张(POV)的CT及MRI表现。方法临床诊断的30例原发性眼眶静脉曲张患者,9例行CT横断位和冠状位扫描,21例行MR扫描,4例行CT和MR检查。结果30例中30只患眼,左眼18例,右眼12例,均为单侧发病。病变部位眼睑3例,眼眶前部1例,眼眶后部(球后)17例,眼睑和眼眶前部5例,眼睑、眼眶前部和眼眶后部2例,眼眶前部和眼眶后部2例。形态17例为不规则块状,4例为卵圆形,9例为不规则条状。CT冠状位,病变均显示为软组织密度,有明显强化;静脉石2例;眶骨受压变薄、眶腔扩大3例。MR扫描,颈部加压后25例均显示病变,11例呈等T1长T2信号,7例呈长T1长T2信号,1例呈等T1等T2信号,6例呈长T1长T2为主的混杂信号,增强的22例中,14例呈明显均匀强化,8例呈不均匀强化。结论CT横断位和冠状位及颈部加压或俯卧位MRI在原发性眼眶静脉曲张的诊断和鉴别诊断方面有重要价值。     

原发性骨淋巴瘤的影像表现分析

目的探讨原发性骨淋巴瘤(primary lymphoma of bone,PLB)相关影像表现特点,以提高对该病的诊断和鉴别诊断能力。方法回顾性分析经穿刺细胞学或手术病理证实的7例PLB患者的X线、CT及MRI影像表现。结果 7例患者2例单骨发病,5例多骨发病,最常累及股骨、髂骨,骨质破坏以浸润型为主,骨皮质可见T2WI高信号"肿瘤通道",周围软组织肿块多巨大,累及关节者,关节间隙保持正常。结论 PLB与其它恶性骨肿瘤鉴别困难,但具有以下特点:全身症状轻、溶骨型骨质破坏(尤其长骨远端)伴或不伴骨膜反应及骨皮质增厚、软组织肿块明显而骨质破坏轻微、病变有包绕关节趋势(关节间隙保持正常)。     

CT and MR imaging of giant cell granuloma of the craniofacial bones

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Giant cell granuloma (GCG) is a rare lesion. The purpose of this study was to determine the CT characteristics and describe possible MR imaging features of GCG of the craniofacial bones. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 7 CT studies and 1 MR imaging study of 7 histologically proved cases of GCG in 2 men, 3 women, and 2 patients of unknown gender, aged 12-51 years, during a period of 10 years, from 1995 to 2005. RESULTS: The granulomas predominantly involved the maxilla in 3 patients, the mandible in 2 patients, the temporal bone in 1 patient, and the nasal cavity in 1 patient. These lesions on imaging were expansile masses that demonstrated adjacent bone wall thinning, and most were associated with lytic bone destruction. They were predominantly masses with soft-tissue attenuation on CT scans and may have infiltrated the surrounding soft-tissue structures. The patient with an MR imaging had a lesion that was hypointense on both T1- and T2-weighted MR images. The lesions revealed avid homogeneous contrast enhancement. CONCLUSION: The imaging features of GCG are nonspecific. However, this entity should be included in the differential diagnosis of expansile lesions in the craniofacial bones.     

Intracranial solitary fibrous tumors: imaging findings in 6 consecutive patients

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Intracranial solitary fibrous tumors (ISFTs) are rare mesenchymal neoplasms originating in the meninges. The aim of this study was to describe the CT, MR imaging, and angiographic features of the solitary fibrous tumor and to identify imaging characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed CT, MR, and angiographic findings in 6 cases of ISFT. We evaluated the size, shape, and location of the tumor; the internal content and margin of the lesion; the pattern of enhancement; and the change of the adjacent structures. Density on noncontrast CT scans, signal intensity on MR images, and angiographic features were also documented. RESULTS: Each lesion appeared as a discrete extra-axial mass (size, 3-7 cm; mean, 5 cm). Five lesions were entirely solid, and 1 had peritumoral cyst. All 5 of the noncontrast CT scans showed hyperattenuated masses, and the tumors exhibited marked heterogeneous enhancement. No lesion contained calcification, and 2 cases showed bone invasions. On the MR images, 4 lesions showed mixed signal intensity on T2-weighted imaging. All of the lesions revealed marked heterogeneous enhancement. All of the tumors had thickening of the meninges adjacent to the tumor. Angiography showed delayed tumor blushing in all, and 3 of them had dysplastic dilation of the tumor vessels. CONCLUSION: Although there are no pathognomonic imaging findings, some imaging features, such as the "black-and-white mixed" pattern on T2-weighted images and marked heterogeneous enhancement, might be helpful in the diagnosis of intracranial solitary fibrous tumor.     

泪腺腺样囊性癌的CT和MRI诊断

目的研究泪腺腺样囊性癌的CT和MRI表现。资料与方法回顾性分析32例经组织学证实的泪腺腺样囊性癌患者的影像学资料。结果32例均为单侧发病，其中位于左侧19例，右侧13例。CT表现：病变呈长圆形11例，不规则形8例，扁平形7例，卵圆形4例，分叶状2例；24例边界清楚，10例轮廓呈锯齿状；11例密度不均匀，内见低密度区和／或钙化，增强后中到高度强化；24例包绕并压迫眼球，16例沿眶外壁向眶尖区生长，与外直肌分界不清，其中4例浸润视神经；邻近眶壁骨质虫蚀样破坏24例，明显溶骨性破坏3例。MRI表现：与正常眼外肌比较，T1WI呈低信号14例，等信号12例，T2WI呈高信号22例，等信号4例，其中22例信号不均匀，中到高度强化。病变可蔓延到颅内、颞窝、颞下窝、翼腭窝等邻近结构，也可沿神经周扩散。结论泪腺腺样囊性癌有特异影像学征象，可提示诊断；CT是诊断本病的主要影像检查方法，MRI能更清楚地显示病变的范围，CT联合MRI可对诊断、治疗提供重要信息。     

Imaging of chest wall disorders.

Pathologic processes that may involve the chest wall include congenital and developmental anomalies, inflammatory and infectious diseases, and soft-tissue and bone tumors. Many of these processes have characteristic radiologic appearances that allow definitive diagnosis. Sternal deformities can be visualized at radiography and their severity quantified with computed tomography (CT). In cervical rib, CT with multiplanar reconstruction may demonstrate relevant anatomic detail and the relationship between bone deformity and arterial compression. In Poland syndrome, radiography reveals an area of hyperlucency on the affected side, whereas CT demonstrates the absence of the greater pectoral muscle and clearly depicts associated musculoskeletal anomalies. Tuberculosis typically manifests at radiography and CT as osseous and cartilaginous destruction and soft-tissue masses with calcification and rim enhancement. Aspergillosis involving the chest wall manifests as pulmonary consolidations and permeative osteolytic changes of the rib and spine at CT and as an area of increased signal intensity at T2-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Neurogenic tumors and hemangiomas also typically have high signal intensity at T2-weighted MR imaging. Apparent mass extension or unequivocal bone destruction seen at CT or MR imaging may indicate chest wall involvement by lymphoma. Radiologically, soft-tissue sarcomas typically appear as areas of soft-tissue density or attenuation, often associated with necrotic areas of low density or attenuation. At radiography, plasmacytoma typically manifests as well-defined, "punched-out" lytic lesions with associated extrapleural soft-tissue masses. Chondrosarcoma frequently appears as a large, lobulated excrescent mass arising from a rib with scattered flocculent calcifications characteristic of its cartilaginous mix. Familiarity with these radiologic features facilitates accurate diagnosis and optimal patient treatment.     

CT and MR imaging findings of sinonasal angiomatous polyps

Objective

To characterize the CT and MR imaging findings of patients with sinonasal angiomatous polyps (SAPs) and evaluate their respective clinical value in the diagnosis of SAP.

Methods

CT and MR imaging findings of 15 patients with pathologically proven SAP were examined. Assessed image features included location, size, margin, attenuation, and change of the bony walls of the sinonasal cavity on CT, and signal intensity and enhancement pattern on MR.

Results

On CT, the SAP was mostly isoattenuated with patches of slight hyperattenuation. Most lesions caused changes in the adjacent bone, including expansile remodeling (n = 8), defect or destruction (n = 7), and hyperostosis (n = 6). All lesions examined by MR showed heterogeneous isointense signal intensity on T1-weighted images and mixed obvious hyperintense and hypointense signal intensity with linear hypointense septum internally (n = 10), and hypointense peripheral rim on T2-weighted images (n = 10). Postcontrast MR images demonstrated areas of heterogeneous and marked enhancement with an unenhanced hypointense rim and septa (n = 7).

Conclusions

CT and MR imaging have respective advantages in the diagnosis of SAP. Combined application of CT and MR examinations is necessary for patients with suspected SAP.     

儿童神经母细胞瘤颅面骨转移的影像表现

目的 探讨儿童神经母细胞瘤颅面骨转移的影像表现.方法 回顾性分析12例经组织学证实的儿童神经母细胞瘤的影像表现.其中 10例患儿行CT平扫,6例行MRI,7例行全身SPECT骨扫描.结果 行CT检查的10例患儿中,9例表现为颅面骨溶骨性骨质破坏伴软组织肿块,其中8例可见骨膜反应,3例表现为特征性的针状骨膜反应;另l例cT未发现异常但骨扫描显示异常.行MR检查的6例患儿均表现为颅面骨骨髓腔信号异常伴周围软组织肿块,其中5例行增强扫描,骨髓腔异常信号影和软组织肿块呈明显不均匀强化.7例行全身骨扫描,均可见颅面部放射性浓聚区,其巾6例伴有全身其他部位的骨转移.结论神经母细胞瘤颅面骨转移有一定的影像特征,可提示诊断.     

CT and MR appearances of splenic hamartoma.

The MR and CT appearances of two cases of splenic hamartoma are presented. Computed tomography showed a well demarcated low-density mass without calcification. Dense spreading enhancement was seen in one case on dynamic CT, and prolonged enhancement was noted in both. The masses were demonstrated as areas of isointensity on T1-weighted MR images and of high intensity on T2-weighted images. On gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted images they were shown as areas of high intensity. Prolonged enhancement on postcontrast CT and MR imaging was a useful finding in differentiation of splenic hamartoma from malignant lesions of the spleen, especially from nodular lesions of malignant lymphoma.