3种不同物质的动态界面剪切粘度研究

用日本协和界面剪切粘度计测定了壬基酚聚氧乙烯(4)醚、油酸钠及固体颗粒的动态界面剪切粘度.结果表明,非离子表面活性剂壬基酚聚氧乙烯(4)醚、阴离子表面活性剂油酸钠在适当浓度下,其界面剪切粘度随时间延长而逐渐降低,最后趋向稳定;固体颗粒蒙脱土界面剪切粘度随时间延长而逐渐上升,然后趋向平衡.这说明不同物质形成的油水界面剪切粘度的动态变化明显不同.     

表面活性剂和固体粒子对动态界面剪切粘度的影响

对表面活性剂和固体粒子参与形成的油水界面膜的动态界面剪切粘度性质进行了研究．结果表明非离子表面活性剂壬基酚聚氧乙烯（4）醚（polyoxyethylene（4）nonyl phenyl ether）、阴离子表面活性剂油酸钠在0．04％（质量分数）浓度下其界面剪切粘度随时问延长而逐渐降低，然后趋向恒定；而蒙脱土界面剪切粘度随时间延长而逐渐上升，然后趋向恒定．     

非离子型Gemini表面活性剂的表面活性与固液界面吸附特性研究

利用最大泡压法和静态吸附实验测定了烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚型Gemini表面活性剂（GSmn）和壬基酚聚氧乙烯（10）醚（S910）在40℃下的表面张力，考察了Gemini表面活性剂的分子结构对其表面活性及其在固液界面吸附特性的影响。实验结果表明，在一定温度下，当GSmn的亲水基团相同时，其临界胶束浓度和最低表面张力均随烷基链长的增加而降低；疏水基相同时，GSmn的氧乙烯基数越多，临界胶束浓度越高，最低表面张力越低。S910与GS910的界面活性相近，但后者更易在溶液表面吸附。GSmn在高岭土上的饱和吸附量随GSmn烷基链长度的增加而增加，随氧乙烯基数增加而降低；GS910在高岭土上的饱和吸附量比S910低。     

二元表面活性剂复配体系相互作用的研究

本文对非离子表面活性剂聚氧乙烯（n=23)月桂基醚（Brij-35）和阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）及阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）为二元表面活性剂复配水溶液体系，在气－液界面和胶团中的有关物化性能进行了一系列测试，对它们之间的相互作用机理进行了探讨，得出了分子相互作用参数βs和βm，并对复配体系相互作用增效情况进行了讨论。     

非离子型Gemini表面活性剂的表面活性与固液界面吸附特性研究

利用最大泡压法和静态吸附实验测定了烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚型Gemini表面活性剂(GSmn)和壬基酚聚氧乙烯(10)醚(S910)在40℃下的表面张力,考察了Gemini表面活性剂的分子结构对其表面活性及其在固液界面吸附特性的影响.实验结果表明,在一定温度下,当GSmn的亲水基团相同时,其临界胶束浓度和最低表面张力均随烷基链长的增加而降低;疏水基相同时,GSmn的氧乙烯基数越多,临界胶束浓度越高,最低表面张力越低.S910与GS910的界面活性相近,但后者更易在溶液表面吸附.GSmn在高岭土上的饱和吸附量随GSmn烷基链长度的增加而增加,随氧乙烯基数增加而降低;GS910在高岭土上的饱和吸附量比S910低.     

光谱法研究胶束溶液中5-Br-PADAP与Cu(Ⅱ)配合反应的热力学性质

用光谱法研究十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(CTMAB)、壬基酚聚氧乙烯(10)醚(OP-10)和聚氧乙烯山梨醇酐单油酸酯(Tween-80)三种表面活性剂胶束溶液中2-(5-溴-2-吡啶偶氮)-5-二乙氨基酚(5-Br-PADAP)与Cu(Ⅱ)配合反应的稳定常数,并由实测的平衡常数与温度之间的关系得到该反应的焓变和熵变．由所得的结果,进一步讨论表面活性剂胶束溶液对光度法测定Cu(Ⅱ)增敏作用的影响,为光度分析条件的选择提供一定的理论依据．     

壬基酚聚醚硫酸酯/Φ-磺酸钠盐表面活性剂的构效关系

以壬基酚为原料,通过烷氧基化加成、磺化或硫酸酯化、再经中和反应合成了4种结构的表面活性剂,分别为:壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(3)硫酸酯钠(NPES-3)、壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(3)-Φ-磺酸钠(Φ-NPES-3)、壬基酚聚氧丙烯醚(3)硫酸酯钠(NPPS-3)、壬基酚聚氧丙烯醚(3)-Φ-磺酸钠(Φ-NPPS-3).测定其γcmc,Ccmc,耐盐能力、抗硬水能力、pH水解稳定性、热水解稳定性及油水界面张力.实验结果表明,含聚氧乙烯醚结构的表面活性剂耐盐能力和抗硬水能力均优于聚氧丙烯醚结构;降低油水界面张力则以含聚氧丙烯醚结构更好,尤其是NPPS-3的平衡界面张力达到9.88×10-3 mN/m的超低范围.     

壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚硫酸酯钠盐的合成及其乳化降粘性能研究

壬基酚聚氧乙烯 (10)醚与氯磺酸反应生成新型表面活性剂NPSS ,较佳合成条件为 :醚酸投料摩尔比为1:0.9 ,硫酸化温度30～35℃ ,老化时间1.5h ,中和温度40～50℃。对NPSS的稠油乳化降粘特性进行了评价 ,单剂降粘率>80 %,复配后降粘效果更佳。     

萃取剂P204对微乳液体系相态的影响

用拟三元相图考察了OP-4[壬基酚聚氧乙烯(4)醚]和OP-7[壬基酚聚氧乙烯(7)醚]为表面活性剂所形成的非离子型微乳液体系(OP-4 OP-7)/苯甲醇/煤油/HCl在有或无萃取剂P204[二(2-乙基己基)磷酸]时的相态及其增溶性质.结果表明,微乳液体系中无P204时,相图中存在W/O单相区、WinsorⅠ、Ⅱ和一个较大的WinsorⅢ区;加入P204后,微乳液系统的相态变化趋于简单,此时形成的W/O微乳液适合作为液膜提取稀土钕.     

固体颗粒对油田采出水性质的影响

通过试验研究了固体颗粒对油水界面张力、界面剪切粘度、悬浮液体系zeta电势等的影响,进而考察了不同条件（如矿化度、pH值等）对胜利油田坨四采出水悬浮液稳定性的影响。结果表明：含固体颗粒的体系,油水界面张力、zeta电势增加;固体颗粒浓度增加,水中油含量降低,固含量增加,界面剪切粘度增大,悬浮液稳定性增强。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

The Analects and the Moment in Peking——The influence of a Confucian education system on the personality formation,the way of thinking and the fate of the main characters

0.Preface China has long been boasting of its colorful and immense culture which comprises of Taoism,Confucianism and Buddhism.The interwoven influence among the religions on Chinese way of thinking,on the nation＇s behavior in their social life throughout the long history is beyond list.