改良腹腔镜腹膜代阴道成形术与腹腔镜辅助回肠代阴道成形术的对比研究

目的 探讨改良腹腔镜腹膜代阴道成形术与腹腔镜辅助回肠代阴道成形术的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2011年6月-2013年6月我院60例先天性无阴道的临床资料,其中40例行改良腹腔镜腹膜代阴道成形术（腹膜组,n=40）,20例行腹腔镜辅助回肠代阴道成形术（回肠组,n=20）,对比2种术式的围手术期情况及术后疗效.结果 60例手术均成功.腹膜组手术时间（107.6±23.4）min明显短于回肠组（175.3±35.7）min（t=-8 819,P=0.000）;腹膜组术中出血量（23.2±1.8）ml显著少于回肠组（56.5±3.9）ml（t=-45.438,P=0.000）;腹膜组手术费用（4360±252）元明显少于回肠组（10 210±430）元（t=-66.471,P=0.000）;腹膜组术后住院时间（8.3±1.1）d明显短于回肠组（9.2±1.6）d（t=-2.557,P=0.013）;腹膜组无术后并发症,回肠组术后出现1例不全肠梗阻,保守治疗后痊愈,2组并发症发生率无统计学差异（Fisher＇s检验,P=0.333）.腹膜组人工阴道长度（7.5±2.1）cm与回肠组（8.5±3.4）cm无统计学差异（t=-1.405,P=0.165）.术后随访：2组人工阴道均可容2指,阴道壁黏膜粉红,弹性良好.腹膜组：3例人工阴道顶端出现肉芽组织,经切除、换药后愈合;阴道分泌物正常,1例已婚术后性生活满意,8例术后结婚,性生活满意.回肠组：阴道分泌物较多,无色水样液或黏液,无异味,但总量呈减少趋势,3个月后基本稳定;6例术后结婚,性生活基本满意.腹膜组9例性生活启动者女性性功能指数量表（female sexual function index,FSFI）总分（26.73±0.93）分,与回肠组6例性生活启动者FSFI总分（26.19±1.24）分比较无统计学差异（t=0.961,P=0.354）.结论 改良腹腔镜腹膜代阴道成形术与腹腔镜辅助回肠代阴道成形术均是满意可行的手术方式,但改良腹腔镜腹膜代阴道成形术手术时间短、术中出血量少、手术费用低,值得推广应用.     

腹壁悬吊式腹腔镜辅助乙状结肠阴道成形术在治疗先天无阴道的临床应用

目的通过气腹腹腔镜和腹壁悬吊式腹腔镜2种条件下进行乙状结肠阴道成形术的对比研究,评价腹壁悬吊式腹腔镜辅助乙状结肠阴道成形术的安全性和可行性。方法对83例先天性无阴道女性实施腹腔镜乙状结肠阴道成形术,其中悬吊组31例,气腹组52例,比较2组手术时间、术中出血量和术后肛门排气时间。结果全部手术均成功,无中转开腹病例。悬吊组手术时间（151.0±26.6）min,较气腹组（170.2±32.1）min明显缩短（t=2.806,P=0.006）;悬吊组术中出血量（94.5±46.5）ml,较气腹组（127.1±76.0）ml明显减少（t=2.157,P=0.034）;悬吊组术后肛门排气时间为（2.5±0.7）d,与气腹组（2.3±0.7）d无统计学意义（t=-1.259,P=0.212）。结论腹壁悬吊式腹腔镜辅助乙状结肠阴道成形术在手术通路的建立、腹腔内外操作的转换以及腹腔镜监视下完成阴道造穴全过程等方面较气腹腹腔镜有明显的优势,使手术变得更安全、更简捷。     

改良Vechitti阴道成形与腹膜阴道成形术的对比研究

目的 对比于腹腔镜下采用改良Vechitti阴道成形与腹膜阴道成形术的临床效果.方法 2005年1月至2011年3月,对43例患者于腹腔镜下分别行改良Vechitti阴道成形(改良Vechitti组,n=26)和腹膜阴道成形术(腹膜组,n=17),并分析比较了2组患者的手术用时、术中出血量,以及术后阴道长度和成形阴道的性状.结果 改良Vechitti组26例均取得成功,仅1例于术后1个月模型脱出,经更换小一号模型逐渐扩张3d后再换回原大模型,结果预后良好.腹膜组17例均取得成功,无并发症发生.2组患者成形之阴道均宽敞,黏膜呈粉红色,有皱壁、润滑、弹性好,外阴外观也无改变,性生活均满意.改良Vechitti组的手术用时、术中出血量均较腹膜组少,但成形的阴道长度为(7.8±0.4) cm,明显短于腹膜组的(8.8±0.6) cm(t =6.45,P＜0.01).结论 腹腔镜腹膜阴道成形术手术操作相对复杂,手术时间长,但成形后的阴道长,阴道性状更接近正常女性,远期疗效也较好.     

腹腔镜下带血管蒂回肠移植阴道成形术2种术式比较

目的 总结全腹腔镜和腹腔镜辅助下带血管蒂回肠移植再造阴道2种术式的临床效果.方法 2004年1月～2005年11月我院行腹腔镜下带血管蒂回肠移植阴道成形术40例,其中全腹腔镜下回肠代阴道成形术18例(全腹腔镜组)腹腔镜引导下,配合使用超声刀、直线切割闭合器,不开腹完成肠系膜分离、回肠段切取、肠端吻合、回肠段下拉移植成形阴道;腹腔镜辅助下回肠代阴道成形术22例(腹腔镜辅助组)腹腔镜下选择移植肠段,肠系膜游离后,延长耻骨联合上穿刺孔至3～4 cm进入腹腔,经该切口将回肠拉出腹腔外,直视下切取移植肠襻及回肠端端吻合术,将移植肠段及吻合后的回肠送入腹腔,腹腔镜辅助下造洞穴,打开盆底腹膜,完成回肠段下拉移植成形阴道.结果 40例手术均获得成功.全腹腔镜组与腹腔镜辅助组术中出血量、术后排气时间、住院时间无统计学差异,分别为(48.1±9.4)ml vs.(50.5±7.7)ml(t=-0.888,P=0.380),(33.9±9.1)h vs.(33.3±8.3)h(t=0.218,P=0.829),(12.3±2.4)d vs.(11.4±2.0)d(t=1.294,P=0.203).全腹腔镜组手术时间、住院费用显著高于腹腔镜辅助组,分别为(213.2±37.4)min vs.(139.2±29.5)min(t=6.999,P=0.000),(22 386.5±2153.7)元vs.(10 027.4±1758.5)元(t=19.991,P=0.000).40例随访3～18个月,平均13个月,移植回肠段成活良好,再造阴道符合生理要求.结论 全腹腔镜下回肠代阴道手术在腹壁上不留手术瘢痕,美容效果理想,但操作难度大,费用较高;腹腔镜辅助下回肠代阴道成形,腹壁留有小手术瘢痕,操作简便,手术时间短,手术费用低,可根据患者需求选择相应术式.     

经阴道与腹腔镜下子宫肌瘤剔除术的对照研究

目的探讨经阴道与腹腔镜下子宫肌瘤剔除术的疗效及临床应用价值。方法回顾分析2007年3月～2008年10月58例经阴道子宫肌瘤剔除术(阴道组)和55例腹腔镜下子宫肌瘤剔除术(腹腔镜组)的临床资料,对2组患者的手术时间、术中出血量、剔除肌瘤重量、术后病率、肛门排气时间、住院时间、住院费用等进行对照分析。结果 2组术后肛门排气时间、住院时间均无统计学差异(P=0.056,P=0.067),但经阴道组手术时间(62±13)min显著短于腹腔镜组(97±18)min(t=-11.895,P=0.000),术中出血量(105±30)ml显著少于腹腔镜组(180±25)ml(t=-14.396,P=0.000),术后病率(48.3%)显著高于腹腔镜组(23.6%)(χ2=7.410,P=0.006),住院费用(5216.4±28.5)元显著低于腹腔镜组(7421.6±31.2)元(t=-392.597,P=0.000)。结论 2种术式各有适应证而不可完全互相替代,但从卫生经济学角度而言,经阴道手术可作为治疗的首选术式,并值得在临床推广应用。     

16年95例阴道成形术的临床分析

目的探讨先天性无阴道的治疗方法。方法回顾性分析1995年1月1日～2010年12月31日95例阴道成形术的临床资料,并对自体皮片法（n=43）、腹腔镜腹膜法（n=13）及脱细胞异体真皮法（acellular dermal matrix,ADM）（n=10）三种术式的术中情况、术后住院时间以及随访情况等进行对比。结果（1）手术时间ADM法（54．4±7．7）min〈腹腔镜腹膜法（93．5±22．4）min〈自体皮片法（122．1±28．8）rain（P均=0．00）。术中出血ADM法（34．4±26．7）ml〈腹腔镜腹膜法（84．6±57．4）ml和自体皮片法（91．3±43．8）ml（P分别为0．02、0．00）,腹腔镜腹膜法与自体皮片法差异无显著性（P=0．65）。术后住院时间ADM法（16．1±2．9）d和腹腔镜腹膜法（20．8±7．1）d〈自体皮片法（35．3±13．9）d（P均=0．00）,ADM法与腹腔镜腹膜法差异无显著性（P=0．46）。（2）并发症情况：自体皮片法发生并发症12例（27．9％）,其中3例皮瓣脱落,9例术后病率;腹腔镜腹膜法发生并发症6例（46．2％）,1例阴道顶端缝线松脱,5例术后病率;ADM法发生并发症1例（10．0％）,为术后病率。3组间并发症发生率及术后病率差异均无显著性（P〉0.05）。（3）术后随访情况：自体皮片法、腹腔镜腹膜法及ADM法阴道长度分别为（7．82±1．01）cm、（7．31±1．32）cm及（8．39±0．60）cm;阴道宽度≥3cm者三组分别有32、9、10例,三组比较差异无显著性（P分别=0．064、0．612）。结论应用ADM行阴道成形术,避免了自体移植的损伤和其他异体材料准备的繁琐,手术方法简单,手术风险降低,在阴道成形术的应用中具有一定前景。     

腹腔镜腹膜阴道成形术73例报告

目的 探讨腹腔镜腹膜阴道成形术治疗先天性无阴道的价值.方法 2001年7月～2005年11月对73例先天性无阴道在腹腔镜监视下,于尿道、膀胱与直肠间隙间形成阴道“隧道“,利用腹膜推进器将盆底腹膜经“隧道“推至前庭创口,并缝合固定,腹腔镜下关闭盆腔内腹膜,在“隧道“内填入凡士林纱条,数日后取出,术后定期扩张阴道.结果 腹腔镜下完成手术70例,中转开腹结肠代阴道成形术1例,中转开腹回肠代阴道成形术1例,腹腔镜辅助回肠代阴道成形术1例.手术时间50～160min,平均65min;术中出血量20～100ml,平均50ml.术后住院15～20d,平均16d.70例术后随访1～24个月,平均13个月,66例腹膜阴道成形术阴道深＞9cm,4例阴道深度为8cm,均可容阴道窥器插入,阴道黏膜粉红色、湿润,弹性良好;已婚或有性生活44例,其中43例性生活满意,1例诉阴道较浅(8cm).结论 腹腔镜腹膜阴道成形术具有操作简便、创伤小、康复快的优点,术后阴道外观与功能等同正常女性外生殖器及阴道,值得推广.     

悬吊式腹腔镜行乙状结肠代阴道成形术31例

目的探讨悬吊式腹腔镜行乙状结肠代阴道成形术的临床效果。方法回顾性分析2007年1月-2009年12月31例悬吊式腹腔镜乙状结肠代阴道成形术的临床资料,其中先天性无阴道29例,男性易性癖阴道成形术后人工阴道狭窄2例。手术时在骶岬高度截取乙状结肠肠襻（13 cm左右）,超声刀游离乙状结肠系膜,直线切割闭合器切断闭合选取的乙状结肠,缝合关闭移植肠襻的顶端,乙状结肠的近端荷包缝合并放入抵钉座,圆形吻合器行乙状结肠端端吻合术。转阴式人工阴道建腔,将移植段乙状结肠远端拉出阴道隐窝,与阴道前庭黏膜间断缝合,形成人工阴道口,人工阴道顶端与骶岬处腹膜缝合固定。结果 31例手术均获得成功,手术时间100-200 min,平均144.7 min;术中出血50-200 ml,平均104.8 ml。1例术后12天出现粘连性不全肠梗阻,经保守治疗治愈。31例随访14-22个月,平均18个月,均佩带阴道模具达3个月以上,人工阴道扩张良好,接近女性阴道的形态和生理功能,分泌物为少量乳白色黏液,无异味。有性生活者25例,均满意。结论悬吊式腹腔镜行乙状结肠代阴道成形手术临床可行,是可选择的阴道成形方法之一。     

腹腔镜下腹膜阴道成形术8例报告

目的探讨腹腔镜下腹膜阴道成形术的疗效. 方法采用腹腔镜下腹膜阴道成形术治疗先天性无阴道8例. 结果 8例手术均顺利完成.手术时间40～90 min,平均50 min.术中出血量50～150 ml,平均80 ml.全部病例随访7～29个月,平均12.5月,外阴形态自然,阴道壁光滑、湿润、柔软、弹性好,长度均达10 cm,无牵拉不适感,性生活满意,无并发症发生. 结论腹腔镜下腹膜阴道成形术疗效满意,创伤小,恢复快,并发症少.     

会阴“H”形切口在腹腔镜腹膜阴道成形术中的应用

目的探讨会阴“H”形切口在腹腔镜腹膜阴道成形术中的临床应用价值。方法2005年1月～2011年5月共完成46例腹腔镜下腹膜阴道成形术,其中23例采用传统会阴横切口进行阴道造穴（横切口组）,23例采用会阴“H”形切口进行阴道造穴（H形切口组）。比较2组手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间及术后6个月时阴道深度、性生活满意率、两口间距、泌尿系感染人次。结果2组46例手术均取得成功,无术后并发症发生。2组手术时间、术中出血量、术后住院时间均无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。与横切口组相比,H形切口组术后6个月时阴道深度长[（9．5±0．6）cmVS．（8．6±0．4）cm,t=5．986,P=0．000],两口间距长[（1．0±0．4）cmvs．（0．6±0．3）cm,t=3．837,P=0．000],性生活满意率高[95％（38／40）VS．80％（32／40）,X2=4．114,P=0．043],泌尿系感染人次少（4人次VS．11人次,X2=4．847,P=0．028）。结论会阴“H”形切口用于腹腔镜腹膜阴道成形术操作简单,成形的阴道较长,性生活满意率高,有推广应用价值。     

Laparoscopic-assisted perineal pull-through vaginoplasty

Hematometrocolpos is the result of vaginal obstruction and can become an emergency in the pubertal period. The treatment of imperforate hymen is well defined, but the treatment of vaginal atresia is more complex. We report a case of hematometrocolpos secondary to distal vaginal atresia that was operated on in the pubertal period. The patient had isolated distal atresia without persistence of the urogenital sinus. A combined abdominal laparoscopic and perineal approach and a posterior vaginoplasty were carried out. Finally, an abdominoperineal pull-through was successfully performed. Neovagina was successfully developed with this method. The embryology and literature are reviewed. The classification, indications, and surgical technique are discussed. We suggest that this procedure is suitable for patients with vaginal agenesis and a normal uterus.     

Experience with vaginoplasty.

We did 27 vaginoplasties (7 gracilis musculocutaneous flaps, 8 pudendal thigh flaps, 12 full-thickness skin grafts) during the period 1994-2000. The preoperative assessment and postoperative follow up were done in collaboration with the gynaecologists. All patients had vaginal agenesis. With the gracilis flaps we found it difficult to achieve an adequate blood supply. With pudendal thigh flaps we achieved perfect innervation and a good contour, but they did tend to be hairy. With full-thickness skin grafts the innervation was not perfect, but the contour was good. Having compared the three operations during a follow up period ranging from 1-5 years we think that the full-thickness skin graft gives the best results.     

薄型阴股沟皮瓣移位阴道成形术

自１９９２ 年５ 月以来,应用双侧阴股沟薄皮瓣移位阴道成形术３４ 例。３３ 例皮瓣Ⅰ期成活,１ 例皮瓣尖端因碘纺纱条填塞过紧部分发生坏死,经换药痊愈。应用该方法行阴道成形与传统方法相比,具有皮瓣较薄,术后不臃肿,供受区比较邻近,且转移方便。在切取皮瓣时应靠大阴唇外侧对外阴形态无改变。皮瓣切取范围较大,完全满足手术后的生理需求。该皮瓣是以阴唇后动脉为蒂,血管恒定,血供可靠。切取解剖皮瓣容易,皮瓣弹性较好。因皮瓣含有多种血管神经束,感觉功能好,皮瓣切取后供区可直接拉拢缝合,远期仅留下不明显的线状瘢痕,且无功能影响,切口隐蔽等优点。     

Laparoscopic rectosigmoid flap vaginoplasty

Various methods have been developed for vaginoplasty, of which the rectosigmoid flap has its own advantages including sufficient increase in the vaginal length and lower incidence of complications such as contracture or strain after vaginoplasty. Laparoscopic operation can greatly minimise the abdominal scar associated with laparotomy and allow cosmetically superior outcomes. Its minimally invasive procedure can also achieve rapid recovery and shorten the duration of hospital stay. Twelve patients (age range 18-40 years) had vaginoplasty using the rectosigmoid colon. We evaluated the ecological changes of the neovagina from the change of pH in the neovagina, culture of the normal flora, and vaginal wall biopsy taken 6 to 12 months postoperatively. Details of sexual activity were also examined. No patient from interviews developed vaginal narrowing as a result of the contracture that caused painful intercourse, or had smelly discharge or spontaneous bleeding from the vagina. Laparoscopic procedures may need only five-openings of 1-1.5 cm in diameter. Mean operating time was 130 minutes (IQR, 113-140) and duration of hospital stay 8.5 days (IQR, 7-11). Twelve months postoperatively the intravaginal pH was about 6. In one case, the histological test showed that the original columnar cell of the intestinal mucosa had been transformed to stratified squamous cell tissue. The key to the vaginoplasty is that it should give functional satisfaction and a minimal rate of complications. The laparoscopic rectosigmoid flap technique of vaginoplasty allowed less morbidity and excellent aesthetic and functional postoperative outcomes.     

小阴唇瓣阴道成形术的方法改进

目的：完善小阴唇瓣阴道成形术。方法：2002年9月～2003年9月，对小阴唇瓣阴道成形术进行了改进，并采用改进的手术方法治疗先天性无阴道惠者5例。结果：伤口均Ⅰ期愈合，小阴唇瓣1OO％成活，再造阴道可顺利容纳2指，未发生直肠、尿道及膀胱损伤。术后6～7个月的随访结果表明，小阴唇外形良好，外阴结构满意，2例已成婚，婚后性生活满意。结论：采用改良的小阴唇瓣阴道成形术有助于术后外阴形态的恢复。     

Sexual function following bowel vaginoplasty

PURPOSE: We review our 23-year experience with bowel vaginoplasty, with particular attention to postoperative quality of life and sexual function. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We reviewed the records of 57 patients who underwent bowel replacement vaginoplasty between 1980 and 2004. A total of 42 patients had the Mayer-Rokitansky syndrome, of whom 6 had varying forms of intersexuality, 6 had undergone surgery for pelvic malignancy, 1 had aphallia, 1 had cloacal exstrophy and 1 was the survivor of a conjoined twin separation. Replacement vaginoplasty was done using sigmoid colon in 39 patients, ileum in 9 and cecum in 9. Followup ranged from 18 months to 24 years, with a mean of 8.8 years. Outcome was evaluated by retrospective chart review, and the FSDQ, a validated, IRB approved instrument, was used to evaluate postoperative sexual function. RESULTS: Among the 57 patients postoperative sexual function was evaluated in 44, 9 were lost to followup and 4 were considered too young for evaluation. Of the 44 patients 36 responded to the FSDQ, 6 refused and 2 were unable to complete the questionnaire adequately. Of the 36 patients who responded 15 were married and 31 were sexually active. On a scale of 0 to 5, 28 patients (78%) reported sexual desire, 33% sexual arousal, 33% sexual confidence and 28 (78%) sexual satisfaction. In addition, 20 patients (56%) reported frequent orgasms, 8 (22%) occasional orgasms and 8 (22%) no orgasms. A total of 32 patients (89%) reported adequate lubrication for intercourse and 2 reported dyspareunia. Two of the 36 patients performed home dilation and required estrogen suppositories. A total of 34 patients used home douching and 20 required pads for mucus production. CONCLUSIONS: It appears that isolated bowel segments provided excellent tissue for vaginal replacement. For technical reasons we believe that colonic segments, particularly sigmoid, are preferable to small bowel. Sexual function following bowel vaginoplasty appears to be adequate and durable.     

An improvised mould for vaginoplasty

The use of a simple, improvised mould for vaginoplasty is described. It is made of rubber foam rolled over a winged infusion cannula and covered over by condoms. It offers a number of advantages over conventional moulds, the main ones being its simplicity of construction and its ease of application and removal from the neo-vagina.