有机浆料发泡法制备多孔羟基磷灰石

本文以湿法合成的羟基磷灰石粉体为原料,采用树脂、异氰酸与水发泡工艺制备多孔生物陶瓷材料。采用浆料发泡法制得的生物陶瓷材料具有三维无序孔和二维直通孔复合结构,其总气孔率可达70%～85%;宏观孔径主要分布在0.3～0.6mm之间,微观孔径主要分布在1～3μm之间,抗压强度可达0.85MPa。通过控制烧结温度,可以调节生物陶瓷材料中羟基磷灰石(HAP)和β-磷酸三钙(β-TCP)的成分配比,从而使之满足多孔生物陶瓷材料生物相容性和生物降解性的要求。     

三维连通球形内孔结构羟基磷灰石支架的制备

制备理想的多孔支架材料是目前骨组织工程学研究的重点之一.实验中制备了一种高强度的三维连通球形内孔结构羟基磷灰石支架.首先,用羟基磷灰石粉末和无水乙醇制成浆料,然后,将浆料注入高分子模板.高分子模板是由帕拉胶微球（Paraffin microsphere）和NaCl粒子为原料制成的,用去离子水冲洗,以除去NaCl晶体.注入浆料的高分子模板干燥后,在400～600℃烧去高分子模板,在1 100～1 250℃保温2 h制成羟基磷灰石支架.研究了不同工艺下制备的多孔体的形貌和抗压性能.结果表明：该支架具有良好的连通性,孔尺寸分布均匀,孔隙率可控制在40%～90%,当孔隙率为65%时抗压强度可达10 MPa,表明具有良好的力学性能.     

凝胶成型法制备多孔羟基磷灰石生物陶瓷

介绍了凝胶成型法制备多孔羟基磷灰石支架材料的一种新工艺,通过对浆料配方的设计,保证了浆料的均匀性。利用体视显微镜等对制备的多孔羟基磷灰石孔洞结构进行观察。结果表明:这种方法可以很好地控制多孔支架材料的孔洞结构、大小,孔分布均匀且内部连通,孔径在300～500μm之间。通过改变工艺参数可以控制孔隙率在92%～45%之间变化。对抗压性能的测定结果表明:含HA为50%(质量分数)的陶瓷浆料所得到的多孔体的抗压强度高达5MPa,具有良好的机械性能。     

骨水泥自固化修饰聚氨酯多孔支架

为了改善有机多孔支架的生物活性,利用磷酸钙骨水泥在潮湿空气中的自固化特性,以α-磷酸钙骨水泥为浆料体系,采用涂覆法对多孔聚氨酯进行表面修饰,获得了表面被羟基磷灰石(Cai0(PO4)6(OH)2,HAp)修饰层包裹的多孔复合材料.结果表明:在α-磷酸钙骨水泥浆料中加入2.5%(质量分数)的聚丙烯酸铵,通过与水化中成核的羟基磷灰石相互作用,改变表面电荷,能有效抑制羟基磷灰石的生长;水化后的修饰层主要由原位生长的纳米HAp晶须和多孔构成,晶须直径约为10～30nm;多孔体结构与模板相似,为贯通式通孔,孔径范围在150～500μm之间.通过自固化修饰技术,在保持原有材料的孔结构基础上,可有效改善其生物活性.     

PLA/HA多孔生物支架的制备及性能研究

以聚乳酸(PLA)、羟基磷灰石(HA)为主要原料,氯化钠为致孔剂,采用溶液共混-粒子沥滤法制备了PLA/HA复合多孔生物支架,并测试研究了该PLA/HA多孔支架的孔隙率、孔隙连通率及力学性能。结果表明:PLA/HA(85/15)复合多孔支架的孔隙率略低于纯PLA多孔支架,可达到81.6%,可以满足组织工程对支架材料的要求。另外,PLA/HA支架材料的弯曲强度和压缩强度均在PLA与HA的质量比为85/15时达到最大值,分别为76.1和75.7 MPa。     

α-磷酸三钙骨水泥自固化制备多孔磷酸钙复相陶瓷

以聚氨酯泡沫为多孔模板,α-磷酸钙骨水泥为浆料体系,将浸渍法和骨水泥自固化特性相结合,制备大孔尺寸为200～400 μm、贯穿式微孔尺寸约为1μm的多孔磷酸钙复相陶瓷支架.研究了分散剂聚丙烯酸钠对羟基磷灰石成核、生长的影响,以及烧成温度与相组成的相关性.结果表明:浆料中分散剂聚丙烯酸钠对羟基磷灰石的成核有明显抑制作用;骨水泥水化反应过程中生成的针状、片状羟基磷灰石通过交联形成微孔结构,可避免干燥时裂纹的产生;经1 200℃烧结的多孔陶瓷支架由羟基磷灰石、β-磷酸三钙和少量未水化完全的α-磷酸三钙组成.     

多孔羟基磷灰石的制备及其性能研究

以多孔支架材料的设计出发,采用化学共沉淀法制备了纳米羟基磷灰石粉末,并通过添加造孔剂工艺,于800℃烧结处理4 h后经过水洗处理除去造孔剂,再于1 250℃高温处理3 h,得到不同含量比的多孔羟基磷灰石生物陶瓷。通过一系列性能表征包括孔洞结构、物相组成、力学性能以及孔隙率测试等,研究多孔羟基磷灰石陶瓷性能。     

多孔羟基磷灰石生物陶瓷的制备及研究进展

羟基磷灰石与人体硬组织的化学成分类似,其具有优异的生物相容性、生物活性和骨传导性等优点而备受人们的关注。多孔羟基磷灰石由于具有相互贯通的孔结构,用其制作的骨组织工程支架可以明显促进骨细胞的大范围黏附、增殖与分化,是一类很有前景的硬组织修复与替换材料。从造孔工艺的角度综述了多孔羟基磷灰石生物陶瓷的制备及研究进展,对各种制备方法进行综合评述,并简要介绍了本课题组最新的研究工作。     

球形多孔羟基磷灰石支架的孔结构特征与力学性能

用特殊的高分子微球粘接技术制备成型用模板,通过注浆成型制备出孔结构可控的球形多孔羟基磷灰石(hydroxyapatite,HA)支架.重点研究了HA支架的制备工艺参数对孔结构的影响及孔结构和力学性能之间的关系.结果表明:加入合适粒径的氯化钠(NaCl)填充剂可调节支架的孔隙率和连通性.通过改变高分子微球的尺寸和NaCl晶体的添加量,支架的孔径在100～800 μm范围内、孔隙率在40%～90%范围内实现可控.研究了多孔HA支架的压缩强度(σ)与孔隙率(p)之间的定量关系,为多孔HA支架强度的预测提供了依据.     

过氧化氢/蒸馏水溶液冷冻干燥制备多孔羟基磷灰石陶瓷

采用过氧化氢/蒸馏水(H2O2/H2O)溶液结晶体为模板,通过冷冻干燥法及发泡技术制备了含有层状孔及球形孔两种孔型的羟基磷灰石(HA)支架。通过改变浆料中H2O2的含量来控制多孔陶瓷支架形貌,并对其生物性能进行分析。结果表明:当为纯水浆料时,多孔陶瓷平均片层间距为250~580μm;当H2O2/H2O中H2O2的含量为3%(体积分数,下同)时,多孔陶瓷中出现球形孔,球形孔径为180~410μm;当H2O2的含量增大至9%时,球形孔孔径可达300~1 000μm;H2O2含量为6%时多孔HA陶瓷支架的开孔孔隙率最大。体外模拟实验表明,球形孔及层状孔两种孔形HA陶瓷支架材料有利于细胞生长,材料表面细胞结构清晰,铺展形态良好。支架强度值符合骨组织工程中细胞支架材料的压缩强度要求。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。