湘东南拗陷二叠系—泥盆系泥页岩分布及地球化学特征

湘东南拗陷泥页岩主要发育层系为二叠系龙潭组、大隆组,石炭系大塘阶测水组,泥盆系佘田桥组、棋梓桥组。作者从泥页岩厚度分布、有机质丰度、有机质类型、有机质成熟度等方面研究了主要泥页岩发育层位的地球化学特征,结果表明:龙潭组、大隆组和测水组泥页岩厚度较大,有机质丰度高;二叠系泥页岩有机质以Ⅱ1型为主,部分为Ⅱ2型;石炭系泥页岩以Ⅱ1型为主;二叠系、石炭系泥页岩有机质演化程度高,均已达到高成熟-过成熟阶段,湘东南拗陷龙潭组、大隆组、测水组泥页岩具备页岩气富集的地质条件,是页岩气勘探的目标层系,有一定的资源潜力。     

川东地区龙潭组页岩气成藏地质条件与有利区评价

为查明川东地区龙潭组泥页岩成藏地质条件,对泥页岩沉积环境、有机质丰度、泥页岩厚度、有机质热演化程度、储集空间类型及孔渗性等烃源及储集条件进行进行分析。结果表明:川东地区龙潭组富有机质泥页岩形成于浅水陆棚及深水陆棚还原性沉积水体,泥页岩厚度以开江—云阳地区为中心向四周减薄,泥页岩平均厚度在50 m以上,有机质丰度介于0.47%～12.3%,平均含量为3.86%,开江—云阳一带有机质平均含量最高。有机质显微组分主要为镜质组及惰质组,干酪根δ~(13)Cker介于-28.4‰～-22.1‰,表明干酪根类型主要为Ⅲ型,有机质来源主要为高等植物。有机质成熟度呈现区域性差异变化,华蓥山地区有机质镜质体反射率介于0.84%～1.46%,平均为1.09%,处于低成熟阶段,其他地区有机质镜质体发射率介于2.23%～3.14%,平均为2.73%,处于过高-成熟阶段,生烃强度大,显示了良好的生烃条件。储层黏土矿物含量普遍较高,主要储集空间为无机质孔隙及微裂缝,有机质孔少量发育,泥页岩总孔体积及比表面积大,其中中孔对总孔体积及比表面积的贡献最大,渗透率适中,裂缝的存在有效改善储层渗透性。综合生烃及储集条件认为,川东地区东北部的开江—云阳地区为龙潭组泥页岩勘探的最有利区。     

湘东南拗陷龙潭组泥页岩储层特征

探讨湘东南拗陷上二叠统龙潭组泥页岩的页岩气储层特征,借鉴北美页岩气储层研究方法和评价标准并与美国福特沃斯盆地的Barnett页岩进行比对研究。通过实测剖面和系统采样,采用X射线衍射技术、扫描电镜技术与能谱技术相结合的方法,分析龙潭组泥页岩有机碳含量、矿物组成、微孔隙、裂缝类型及发育程度等特征。结果表明,龙潭组储层的有机碳质量分数平均为3.54%;岩石矿物成分中石英的平均质量分数为27%,碳酸盐矿物的平均质量分数为38%,黏土矿物的平均质量分数为35%,同时含有一定量的黄铁矿;其微孔隙发育有晶间孔、晶内孔、粒间孔、溶蚀孔、粒缘孔、印模孔、有机质孔等;实测孔隙度分布在0.7%～16.7%之间;不同尺度的裂缝广泛发育。通过与美国福特沃斯盆地的Barnett页岩对比,认为该地区泥页岩具有良好的页岩气储层特征;同时对该储层孔隙度及其影响因素进行探讨发现,较高的石英含量对其孔隙度发育具有建设性意义。     

鄂尔多斯盆地中生界页岩气形成条件及勘探潜力

为了研究鄂尔多斯盆地中生界页岩气的勘探潜力,对鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组长7段陆相泥页岩开展了有机地球化学测试、扫描电镜及X射线衍射分析、孔渗特征分析等测试工作。结果表明:长7段泥页岩中有机质类型以Ⅰ型~Ⅱ2型为主,有机碳含量分布在0.32%~18.40%,一般大于1.0%;镜质体平均反射率分布在0.54%~1.17%,平均值为0.88%,表明该区中生界泥页岩处于低成熟-成熟阶段,具备页岩气聚集成藏的地质条件。在泥页岩矿物组成方面,石英、长石等脆性矿物的含量介于29.1%~89.6%,平均含量为53.6%,而黏土矿物含量分布在9.1%~65.5%,含量一般低于50%,以伊利石占主导;储集空间包括粒间孔、粒内孔及有机质孔等多种基质孔隙以微裂缝,总体上,该区泥页岩表现为低孔隙度(平均为4.69%)、低微渗透率(平均为0.157×10~(-3)μm~2)的特点。通过与国内外典型页岩相比,鄂尔多斯盆地长7段具有良好的页岩气资源潜力。     

鄂尔多斯盆地中生界页岩气形成条件及勘探潜力研究

为了研究鄂尔多斯盆地中生界页岩气的勘探潜力,对鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组长7段陆相泥页岩开展了有机地球化学测试、扫描电镜及X射线衍射分析、孔渗特征分析等测试工作。结果表明：长7段泥页岩中有机质类型以Ⅰ型~Ⅱ2型为主,有机碳含量分布在0.32%~18.40%,一般大于1.0%;镜质体平均反射率分布在0.54%~1.17%,平均值为0.88%,表明该区中生界泥页岩处于低成熟-成熟阶段,具备页岩气聚集成藏的地质条件。在泥页岩矿物组成方面,石英、长石等脆性矿物的含量介于29.1%~89.6%,平均含量为53.6%,而粘土矿物含量分布在9.1%~65.5%,含量一般低于50%,以伊利石占主导;储集空间包括粒间孔、粒内孔及有机质孔等多种基质孔隙以微裂缝,总体上,该区泥页岩表现为低孔隙度(平均为4.69%)、低微渗透率(平均为0.157×10-3μm2)的特点。通过与国内外典型页岩相比,鄂尔多斯盆地长7段具有良好的页岩气资源潜力。     

湘中南龙潭组页岩孔隙特征及其成藏意义

以湘中南龙潭组黑色页岩为研究对象,探明湘中南地区地区龙潭组黑色页岩孔隙发育特征及其影响因素,同时分析孔隙特征对于页岩气成藏的作用。压汞实验可以测试微米级孔径发育情况,低温氮吸附试验可以研究纳米级孔径发育特征,通过压汞实验、低温氮吸附实验测试,对比分析了两种实验条件下的页岩孔隙结构特征,并且探讨了孔隙发育的发育控制因素及其对页岩气成藏的意义。研究认为,龙潭组黑色页岩孔隙结构复杂,主要由纳米孔组成;孔隙多呈开放性,以两端开口圆筒形和四边开放的平行板状的透气性孔为主要类型。退汞效率在31.45%~63.82%之间,平均51.94%,说明样品的孔隙和喉道的尺寸大小相对均匀,孔喉均一性比较好。纳米孔平均介于(5~30)nm,占总孔体积的94.74%,对比表面积的贡献达到98.08%。脆性矿物含量较高,为有机碳和粘土矿物之外控制页岩孔隙发育的重要因素。纳米孔隙对气体的吸附能力较强,甲烷分子以结构化方式存在其中。研究结果表明,研究区页岩孔渗发育较好,较高的脆性矿物含量有利于页岩气后期开采,湘中南龙潭组黑色页岩具备良好的页岩气勘探开发潜力。     

萍乐坳陷区中二叠统茅口组南港段页岩气基本特征——以ZK01井为例

为探索下扬子萍乐坳陷地区中二叠统茅口组南港段页岩气勘探潜力,对江西丰城地区ZK01井钻遇的茅口组南港段富有机质页岩进行采样;根据野外编录和薄片鉴定观察结果,剖析页岩的沉积环境特征;依照有机质类型、有机质丰度和有机质成熟度等测试结果,分析页岩的有机地球化学特征;依据场发射电镜的观察结果,以及全岩和黏土的X线衍射矿物的测试结果,分析页岩的储层特征;采用甲烷等稳吸附法测定页岩甲烷吸附饱和吸附量,了解页岩的含气性特征。实验测试结果表明:茅口组南港段基础地质条件优越,相带位于台间盆地,单层厚度大。富有机质页岩有机质类型为Ⅰ型和Ⅲ型,具混源特征;有机质丰度2.18%~16%,平均值为7.57%,大于4%的黑色页岩厚度达到40 m;有机质热演化程度适中,镜质体反射率介于1%~2%之间,平均值为1.51%,岩石热解峰温值均在435℃以上,普遍达到成熟阶段。页岩硅质矿物质量分数平均71.5%,含量最高;其次为碳酸盐矿物,质量分数平均为22%;黏土矿物质量分数平均为6%,含量较低,主要为高岭石和伊利石。微观孔隙以粒内孔为主,其次为粒间孔,可见少量的裂缝和有机质孔。黑色页岩吸附气量介于2.53~2.98 m3/t之间,平均值2.76 m3/t,吸附能力整体较强。通过对烃源岩、储集岩和含气量三方面实验结果的总结,初步明确了茅口组南港段具备很好的页岩气勘探潜力。     

下扬子地区五峰组—高家边组页岩气形成条件

 页岩气是一种清洁、高效的非常规能源。通过露头观测、钻井资料、有机地化与储集物性等资料,分析了下扬子地区上奥陶统五峰组—下志留统高家边组页岩的沉积环境、厚度、分布、埋深、有机质丰度、类型、热演化程度、孔缝特征及岩石矿物组成等。研究结果表明,该页岩主体为陆棚沉积,沉积厚度大,主要分布在300~400m之间、埋深适中;页岩有机碳含量主要分布在0.5%~1.0%之间,有机质类型为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型,镜质组反射率主体分布在1.5%~2.5%之间,处于高成熟-过成熟阶段;页岩石英含量较高,普遍分布在34.2%～55.1%之间,微裂缝发育,有利于压裂改造。研究表明页岩气形成的有利区分布在苏北高邮—海安—句容、皖南泾县—宁国和浙西临安等地区。     

楚雄盆地上三叠统舍资组泥页岩储层特征分析 ——以滇禄地3井为例

海陆过渡相泥页岩是页岩气勘探开发的重要领域,以楚雄盆地滇禄地3井上三叠统舍资组泥页岩为研究对象,结合泥页岩的有机地化特征,运用扫描电子显微镜、全岩X-射线衍射分析、孔隙度与渗透率测量实验、现场解析实验、核磁共振等技术对滇禄地3井岩心样品进行分析测试,进而分析泥页岩储层特征。结果表明:滇禄地3井上三叠统舍资组泥页岩干酪根类型均为Ⅱ_2型,舍资组下段泥页岩有机碳(total organic carbon, TOC)含量相对较高,主要集中在0.4%～2.25%,有机质成熟度主要处于过成熟阶段,矿物主要由脆性矿物、碳酸盐矿物、黏土矿物组成,其中脆性矿物含量相对较高,平均为40.87%,有利于页岩气的压裂,孔隙度在0.6%～1.6%,平均为1.01%,渗透率在0.000 965 2×10~(-3)～0.033 542 1×10~(-3)μm~2,平均为0.007 027×10~(-3)μm~2,表现出低孔、低渗特征;储集空间类型以黏土矿物层间缝、颗粒粒缘缝为主,孔隙以微孔、小孔为主,含少量中孔,孔隙之间连通性较差,含气量在0.06～1.00 m~3/t,平均值为0.564 m~3/t。与中国已取得突破的海陆过渡相页岩气勘探区进行页岩气地质条件对比可见:楚雄盆地上三叠统舍资组泥页岩具有良好的页岩气勘探潜力。     

沁水盆地石炭-二叠系煤系页岩气储层特征及生烃潜力分析——以山西省临汾市Y1井为例

沁水盆地发育了多套煤系泥页岩,具备页岩气成藏的物质条件。为探讨沁水盆地石炭系、二叠系页岩气储层特征和勘探潜力,通过对山西临汾地区Y1井钻遇的富有机质页岩进行采样测试,利用X射线衍射、高压压汞、扫描电镜等测试方法,研究了山西省临汾地区Y1井岩芯样品的有机地球化学特征、储层物性特征和含气性特征,并对研究区页岩气的勘探潜力做了初步评价。结果表明:Y1井山西组和太原组地层基础地质条件优越,单层厚度大。页岩有机质丰度为0.28%～16.87%,平均2.15%,多数大于1%;有机质类型混源,为Ⅱ～Ⅲ型,以腐殖质为主;有机质热演化程度高,镜质组反射率为1.71%～2.10%,岩石热解峰值温度整体位于470℃左右,普遍达到高成熟阶段。页岩矿物组分以黏土矿物和石英为主,石英质量分数平均41.57%;黏土质量分数平均56.79%,主要为高岭石和伊利石。黑色页岩具有较高的含气量和吸附能力,含气量最高可达4.41 m~3/t,甲烷占总气量的76%。通过烃源岩、储层和气含量等方面的结果,初步确定该区石炭系、二叠系页岩具备优质的勘探潜力。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.