沼气/汽油双燃料发动机EFI控制模型的研究

针对传统单缸化油器式汽油发动机存在的排放问题,将传统单缸汽油发动机168F改进为沼气/汽油双燃料电控发动机.通过分析喷气量与喷射脉宽的关系,给出双燃料EFI(电控燃料喷射)的控制模型和掺烧比的确定方法.对改进的双燃料发动机进行了试验,结果表明,掺烧沼气后,发动机的输出功率稍有下降,但热效率及燃油经济性明显改善.因此,沼气/汽油双燃料发动机EFI的控制方法具有一定的优越性和可行性.     

汽油/CNG两用燃料发动机控制系统开发

使用CNG (compressed natural gas)为主燃料汽油为辅助燃料的CNG/汽油两用燃料汽车具有良好的经济性和排放性能,传统的在用车改装采用主从式双ECU(electronic control unit)系统,性能不佳。通过对发动机燃烧和排放理论研究,开发了面向OEM(original equipment manufacture)的单ECU多点顺序喷射的汽油/CNG两用燃料控制方案。设计了λ非对称振荡PI控制算法等天然气特有的控制策略,并进行了发动机台架性能和整车排放试验。结果表明：两用燃料发动机采用单ECU控制时的性能优于采用主从式双ECU系统,且排放低于国Ⅳ限值。     

一种高效清洁燃烧纯甲醇燃料的新方法探索

在一台点火式电喷汽油机上进行了甲醇裂解燃料高效清洁燃烧的探索研究．研制了甲醇裂解装置和控制单元及其控制策略．发动机用汽油起动后,电控单元判别排气温度当其温度达到320℃以上时,电控单元自动从汽油燃料切换到甲醇裂解燃料下工作．在甲醇燃料模式下,通过ECU的标定,实现了自动运行．试验结果表明：与汽油和M20甲醇汽油相比,甲醇裂解燃料可以有效地提高点火式电喷发动机的效率,显著增高发动机的经济性,而且降低了尾气中有害气体排放．可见燃用甲醇裂解燃料是电喷发动机高效清洁燃烧的新方式．     

城市公交客车汽油\甲醇双燃料转换控制系统的研究

鉴于石油资源有限和汽车尾气是破坏人类环境的一大公害，不少国家纷纷出台限制汽车尾气排放的法规，使汽油汽车越来越难达到排放标准．本文按我国计委公布将推广使用甲醇汽油这一比较洁净的能源的要求，大胆设想了一种甲(乙)醇汽油双燃料化油器，在启动发动机和重载爬坡时，以汽油为主，在超车加速时加喷汽油外，在其它工况运转时，则以醇类为主，能自动根据工况控制燃料转换供应．     

先进汽车电子控制单元(ECU)的改进与发展

本文从汽车电子技术中的电子控制单元(ECU)入手,通过介绍发动机系统、底盘系统、操纵系统、车身系统的ECU控制原理,分析了当前ECU在汽车中的应用,同时还对未来汽车的ECU发展趋势进行了展望.     

甲醇柴油双燃料发动机甲醇掺烧比例的正交试验研究

在一台TY1100单缸柴油机的进气管上安装了一套电控甲醇喷射装置,采用柴油引燃甲醇双燃料工作模式,开展了甲醇柴油双燃料发动机进气预混甲醇掺烧比例的正交试验,对能耗及排放约束条件下的甲醇掺烧比例进行了研究.结果表明:在正交试验范围内各种工况下,发动机按最低能耗率要求得到的最佳甲醇掺烧比例为55%~60%;以降低烟度为需求目标,并以一定的能耗率作为约束时,大部分工况下得到的最佳甲醇掺烧比例为50%以上,受发动机压力升高率的限制,掺烧比例不宜超过70%.     

双燃料化油器的探讨

鉴于石油资源有限和汽车尾气是破坏人类环境的一大公害,不少国家纷纷出台限制汽车尾气排放的法规,使汽油汽车越来越难达到排放标准.按我国计委公布将推广使用乙醇汽油这一比较洁净的能源的要求,大胆设想了种甲(乙)醇汽油双燃料化油器,在启动发动机和重载爬坡时,以汽油为主,在超车加速时加喷汽油外,在其它工况运转时,则以醇类为主,能自动根据工况控制燃料转换供应.     

NY6200双燃料发动机电控系统的设计开发

以NY6200柴油发动机为控制对象,设计了一种基于可编程控制器(PLC)、燃油控制器和燃气控制器的双燃料发动机电控系统。基于可编程控制器的扩展性好,能满足双燃料发动机多种控制功能的要求;基于燃油控制器和燃气控制器的控制精度高,响应速度快,自动化程度高,能有效提高燃气替代率。通过试验及试验数据表明,该设计达到了预期的目的,并且发动机运行正常。     

发动机电控单元激励信号模型研究

以汽车发动机实验为基础,提出基于虚拟仪器技术的发动机电控单元(ECU)激励信号发生系统,建立了发动机ECU的8路激励信号模型,使之符合对发动机实际运行工作环境的仿真. 在ECU激励信号模型的基础上使用虚拟仪器技术进行了计算机仿真,将系统生成的多路信号分别输入发动机试验台的ECU代替原传感器信号,激励发动机ECU正常运转,发动机试验台工作正常. 结果表明,该方法原理正确,发动机ECU激励信号模型能够实现对发动机实际运行工况的模拟.     

汽车电控发动机传感器的原理与检测

汽车电控发动机传感器将汽车发动机运行中各种工作状况信息(非电量)转化成电信号(电量),并将其产生的模拟信号或数字信号输入到电控单元(ECU)的输入电路中,使发动机处于最佳工作状态,使排放污染物为最小,提高发动机性能。理解汽车发动机电控系统传感器的工作原理、传感器与电控单元(ECU)之间的内在关系,才能够正确进行故障分析和检测传感器,为科学修车奠定坚实的基础。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.