肉制品加工中的减盐技术：研究进展与应用展望

随着社会的发展和生活方式的变化,食盐摄入过量成为影响人类健康的严重隐患,减少食盐摄入已成为共识。减盐的主要措施之一是控制加工食品中的食盐添加量,而肉制品成为主要减盐对象。目前有关肉制品减盐技术：一是直接减少食盐的添加量并辅以工艺改进,或者优化食盐的物理形态使之在减盐后仍尽可能保持原有咸度;二是以钾盐等非钠盐类替代食盐的调味、改善质构等作用;三是以植物提取物、风味增强剂或掩饰剂等替代食盐的改善风味、增香或抗氧化作用;四是应用新兴物理技术弥补食盐减少可能带来的工艺或功能特性缺失。鉴于食盐对保持食品的品质和安全性发挥的重要作用,尤其是在肉制品中调味、增香、保水、助色、抑菌和防腐等功能,目前尚未找到更为安全和廉价的替代品或替代技术。单一的减盐难以满足低钠肉制品的生产要求,而多因子互作的栅栏技术,即通过多种方法的共效,在安全、营养、品质、成本等维度寻找平衡点,将是实现减盐的有效途径。本文就上述肉制品加工中减盐的关键技术研究进展进行概要综述,并对未来可能的应用途径进行展望。     

降低乳化型肉制品中食盐含量研究进展

高钠盐摄入已被证明是引起高血压和心血管疾病的一个重要诱因,本文介绍了降低乳化型肉制品中食盐含量的必要性。从食盐的钠替代、风味提升物质降低食盐含量、优化配方降低食盐含量和食盐多糖替代降低食盐含量等方面阐述了降低乳化型肉制品中食盐含量研究现状及发展动态,为研究和生产低盐乳化型肉制品提供参考。     

食盐对肉制品品质的作用及减盐技术研究

食盐对肉制品品质的形成具有实质性意义，不仅能够提高肉制品的保水性，而且对肉制品的质地也可以起到良好改善效果。但是高盐饮食会给人们的身体健康带来严重风险，所以要适当减盐，这也是研究减盐技术的主要目的。基于此，本文对减盐技术的应用展开分析，提出降低食盐添加量、改变食盐物理形态、应用食盐替代物等措施，以期为提高减盐技术的应用水平提供参考。     

食品减盐方法研究进展

食盐作为日常生活中最常见的调味品之一,其主要成分氯化钠是人体中必不可少的物质。食盐具有改善食品风味和质构、延长食品货架期等作用。但摄入过量的食盐会增加患高血压、冠心病等心血管疾病的风险。本文综述了在不影响食品风味品质前提下,达到“减盐不减咸”目的的方法,如非钠盐替代、添加天然提取物或咸味肽、多感官协同作用增强咸味感知、食盐晶体结构优化、食品质构重组等,并对各种减盐方法的基本原理、特点以及研究进展做了详细阐述,以期为食品减盐方法和策略的深入研究提供科学依据和理论参考。     

食盐对肉制品品质形成的作用及减盐技术研究进展

食盐在改善肉制品的风味、质地及延长保质期等方面发挥着重要作用,是目前肉品加工过程中最广泛使用的添加剂之一。但盐分摄入过多会增加多种疾病的发病率,如胃癌、骨质疏松症、肾病、糖尿病和心脑血管疾病等。因此,合理减少食盐的摄入量并采用适当的减盐技术在肉制品加工领域至关重要。本文综述食盐对肉制品品质的影响,重点总结生产低盐肉制品的常规减盐方法（直接降低食盐的添加量、改变食盐的物理形态、应用食盐替代物、添加风味增强剂或品质改良剂等）和新型加工工艺（超声波技术、超高压技术、脉冲电场技术和微粉化技术等）,为提高低盐肉制品品质及低盐肉制品的加工提供理论参考。     

高食盐摄入对人体健康的影响

高盐摄入是影响饮食最主要的风险因素,高钾膳食可以防止高血压和心血管疾病的发生,减盐计划具有很高的成本效益,所以世界各国都应实施或加快实施。因此这篇综述提供了盐与血压、其潜在的生理机制及心血管疾病相关的健康证据,并且我们简要介绍一下减盐行动所带来的成本效益分析及世界各地在减盐行动中发挥的作用。     

减盐防控高血压的科学证据和实践

大量动物实验和流行病学研究表明,过量的食盐摄入是导致血压升高的主要因素之一。人群干预研究和发达国家的减盐行动表明,人群中减盐是预防高血压最具成本效益的措施。本文总结了减盐防控高血压的科学证据和国际减盐行动,指出了我国开展减盐防控高血压工作的必要性。     

加拿大研究发现吃盐并非越少越好

加拿大研究人员称,摄入适量食盐,比摄入过多与过少都更健康。该研究很可能引起关于饮食中盐的健康效应的辩论。多年来,医生警告称,大量摄入食盐会增加患高血压及其他心脏疾病的风险,但是最近的     

食品减盐措施和氯化钠检测技术研究进展

食盐在人们的日常饮食中不可或缺,也在食品工业中发挥重要作用。一系列监测数据表明,人们日常食盐摄入量远高于世界卫生组织建议的5 g/d。高盐饮食带来的健康风险在世界范围内得到广泛关注,降低居民每日食盐摄入量已达成共识。随着各国政府和世界卫生组织的一系列措施干预,食品减盐已取得初步效果。文章介绍了包含直接减少食盐用量、优化食盐物理结构和改变食盐分布形态、添加咸味增强剂、使用非钠盐替代、多感官协同作用、改进加工工艺及多种措施协同作用等方法在内的减盐措施,并对它们的减盐效果和应用前景进行阐述。分别从以钠基计和以氯基计两个方面评述了13种食品中氯化钠含量的检测方法,主要介绍了它们的测试原理、前处理方法改进和应用范围,以期为食品减盐措施和氯化钠检测技术的深入研究提供有价值的参考。     

减盐相关产品研究进展及开发现状

随着社会经济的发展,人们开始注重饮食健康,越来越多的人开始关注高钠盐摄入问题,因为高钠盐摄入会导致各种疾病发生。综述了食盐通过食品摄入的主要途径、食品工业主要减盐手段、目前减盐技术研究及市面上减盐产品种类,并对减盐产品的进一步开发方向进行了展望,以期让人们更多地了解目前减盐市场及发展趋势,并为今后研究提供参考。     

调味品减盐增鲜的研究进展

调味品是食品调味过程中的必需品,同时也是人体摄入盐分的主要来源。盐摄入过多会带来健康隐患,但减盐会降低食品的咸味和鲜味,从而降低食品品质。本文综述在减盐同时保证咸味、鲜味及其协调性的技术手段。减盐技术包含减少钠盐添加量、非钠盐替代物及增强咸味感知等方法,增鲜技术包含添加酵母抽提物、鲜味肽及鲜味氨基酸和肽的衍生物等方法。此外,乳酸菌、美拉德反应中间体、增味剂、呈味肽等的应用亦可达到减盐增鲜的双重效果。减盐增鲜技术的应用能够促进调味品行业的发展,但这些技术尚存在基础研究不足、实际应用较少、应用范围较窄、生产成本高等问题,解决这些问题是当前所面临的主要困难。本文详细阐述调味品减盐增鲜技术的基本原理、特点、目前研究存在的不足等,提出未来可能的发展方向,以期为调味品的减盐增鲜研究提供参考。     

发达国家减盐行动的成功经验与启示

过量的食盐(钠)摄入量是国际公认的高血压发病主要危险因素之一。WHO逐渐重视减盐工作,一些发达国家陆续开展了减盐策略与行动,为世界各国提供了许多经验参考与借鉴。本文分析了国际减盐行动的策略和行动的成功经验,为我国开展减盐行动提供政策建议。     

Reduced‐sodium cheeses: Implications of reducing sodium chloride on cheese quality and safety

Sodium chloride (NaCl) universally well‐known as table salt is an ancient food additive, which is broadly used to increase the storage stability and the palatability of foods. Though, in recent decades, use of table salt in foods is a major concern among the health agencies of the world owing to ill effects of sodium (Na) that are mostly linked to hypertension and cardiovascular diseases. As a result, food scientists are working to decrease the sodium content in food either by decreasing the rate of NaCl addition or by partial or full replacement of NaCl with other suitable salts like potassium chloride (KCl), calcium chloride (CaCl₂), or magnesium chloride (MgCl₂). However, in cheese, salt reduction is difficult to accomplish owing to its multifaceted role in cheese making. Considering the significant contribution in dietary salt intake (DSI) from cheese, researchers across the globe are exploring various technical interventions to develop reduced‐sodium cheeses (RSCs) without jeopardizing the quality and safety of cheeses. Thus, the purpose of this study is to provide an insight of NaCl reduction on sensory, physicochemical, and technofunctional attributes of RSCs with an aim to explore various strategies for salt reduction without affecting the cheese quality and safety. The relationship between salt reduction and survival of pathogenic and spoilage‐causing microorganisms and growth of RSCs microflora is also discussed. Based on the understanding of conceptual and applied information on the complex changes that occur in the development of RSCs, the quality and safety of RSCs can be accomplished effectively in order to reduce the DSI from cheese.     

Sodium Reduction in Bread: A Role for Glasswort (Salicornia ramosissima J. Woods)

Excessive dietary sodium (salt) intake is a primary cause of high blood pressure and, consequently, a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The World Health Organization wants to reduce the current sodium mean intake of approximately 4 g/d by half. Bread is commonly consumed and a major source of sodium. Therefore, reducing sodium content in bread would bring important economic and public health benefits. Thus, the goal of this paper is to provide an overview of the role of salt in bread manufacturing, summarize already tested reduction strategies, and explore glasswort (Salicornia ramosissima J. Woods) as a salt substitute. Some alternatives to the sodium additives often used in the bread‐making process are also suggested. For this, an extensive literature review was carried out. Overall, salt reduction in bread, while maintaining product quality, is difficult to accomplish due to its multifunctional role in the bread‐making process. Several strategies have been tried so far, with only partial success. Consequently, the use of glasswort (S. ramosissima J. Woods) as salt substitute shows great potential. However, other research is still needed to safely implement it in the baking industry. On the other hand, the reduction of salt alone is not the complete answer, and the replacement of sodium‐based additives also needs to be considered to effectively lower sodium consumption.     

基于固体食盐结构及成分设计的减盐策略及其研究进展

食盐是食品工业和居民日常生活中广泛使用的调味品,其主要成分氯化钠的过量摄入会增加高血压、胃癌、脑卒中等疾病的患病风险。如何在不影响食品口味的条件下减少含盐量是目前的研究热点。固体形式的氯化钠是日常膳食食盐摄入的重要部分,改善固体氯化钠结构及食盐成分是开发低盐食品的有效方法。本文在详细探讨咸味感知机理和机体内钠吸收代谢机制的基础上,对近年来国内外与氯化钠结构调控及成分设计有关的减盐策略进行综述,讨论减少食品含盐量而不影响咸味的各项技术,如调控氯化钠物理结构（形貌和粒径）、包埋氯化钠、添加氯化钠替代物（咸味矿物盐、风味增强剂和天然呈味物质）,并分析不同结构及成分食盐的减盐原理、缺点和适用场景,为未来设计新型食盐产品,开发减盐健康食品,减少居民膳食盐摄入量,提高居民健康水平提供理论依据和技术支撑。     

浅析食盐的健康摄入

人们食盐摄入过量,对身体会造成伤害。如何减少食盐的摄入量成为当前健康饮食的当务之急。本文主要介绍了健康食盐的必要性,并对合理摄入食盐作了一定的阐述,     

Salt reduction: Moving from consumer awareness to action

Globally, the average daily dietary salt intake is more than double the recommended level. Given the major role that salt plays in the development of cardiovascular disease, it is important to reduce total salt intake. Key sources of salt in the diet include commercially prepared or manufactured food products and discretionary salt added by consumers during cooking and consumption. Therefore a significant lowering in the current salt intake requires a shift in both commercial foods and consumer behaviour. In terms of commercial foods, the challenge is to achieve further reductions in the salt content while maintaining good taste, stability and texture to ensure consumers will like (or even prefer) these reformulated products. However, a change in consumer behaviour is also required to ensure that lower salt products are accepted and that consumers do not add salt back during cooking. Consumer behaviour change in this area remains complex and has received relatively little attention so far. It is hard for consumers to estimate their salt intake and, while most campaigns focus on raising awareness of reducing salt, this awareness may not always lead to action. The development of scalable and effective salt-reduction behaviour change interventions requires a more in-depth understanding of the relevant consumer behaviours and their determinants, as well as the development of practical behaviour change techniques and facilitators (e.g., provision of appealing lower salt products). Moreover, to speed up the salt reduction progress from ‘awareness’ to ‘action’, key stakeholders need to take responsibility and agree on actions for executing product reformulation and creating consumer behaviour change programmes. This review is intended to inform and support the ongoing development of effective action-oriented global strategies for salt reduction.     

咸味感知与咸味肽的研究进展

随着生活水平的提高，人们的饮食习惯逐渐趋向“健康化”发展。如何平衡“健康”与“美味”的关系，调味这一加工环节至关重要。咸味是5种基本味觉之一，人们日常生活中主要通过添加食盐来达到增咸的目的。食盐在人类生活中发挥着重要的作用，但是过量的钠离子摄入会导致许多心血管疾病。在全球范围内，许多国家或地区的卫生组织均倡议低钠盐饮食，因此在不影响食品风味品质的前提下减少食盐添加量成为目前研究的一大热点。本文围绕咸味感知和减盐研究现状，重点针对咸味肽进行详细介绍，包括咸味肽的来源、制备、纯化鉴定、协同增效作用和应用前景，为咸味肽的开发和应用提供依据和支撑，推动减盐行动。     

Sodium reduction technologies applied to bread products and their impact on sensory properties: a review

Chronic overconsumption of sodium has led to its designation as a nutrient of public health concern. While the current adequate intake (AI) of sodium is set at 1.5 g per day, the average daily intake for Americans ages one and up is currently above 3.5 g, leading to an increased risk of health conditions such as hypertension and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Due to the prevalence of daily bread consumption and the moderately high sodium content that accompanies it, bread has become a major contributor to dietary sodium intake. Still people seem to associate foods higher in sodium content, such as processed meats and frozen foods, as the main way to limit sodium consumption, and therefore, overlook the contribution made by regularly consuming bread. This review focuses on recent research detailing methods that are being implemented in attempts to reduce the sodium content of bread products. Included literature examined the perspective of sensory feasibility and on identifying gaps in knowledge surrounding viable strategies for producing reduced-sodium breads. Sodium reduction technologies discussed include methods in the areas of salt removal, physical modification, salt replacement and flavour modification.