合成α-氯丙烯酸甲酯过程中的催化剂催化效应的研究

研究了催化剂V2O5-P2O5/SiO22的制备，并考察了制备工艺条件及反应条件对该催化剂的性能的影响，解释和分析了催化剂的制备、组成及反应条件等因素对合成α-氯丙烯酸甲酯的影响。实验结果给出常压下合成α-氯丙烯酸甲酯的最佳催化剂条件和反应条件：催化剂V2O5-P2O5/SiO2，V／P摩尔比为1：2．8，浸渍时间3h，活化温度为450℃；在空速1200h^-1，反应温度300℃，氯乙酸甲酯／甲缩醛摩尔比为2．4：1的条件下，所得甲缩醛转化率为76．2％，α-氯丙烯酸甲酯的选择性为58．5％，收率为44．58％。     

气固相催化羟醛缩合合成α-氯丙烯酸甲酯的研究

研究了以V／P摩尔比为1：2．8，浸渍时间3h，活化温度为450℃的负载型催化剂V2O5-P2O5／SiO2作为催化剂，在气固相催化羟醛缩合合成α-氯丙烯酸甲酯，考察了对反应条件的优化，解释和分析了反应条件中诸因素对合成α-氯丙烯酸甲酯的影响。实验结果给出常压下合成α-氯丙烯酸甲酯的最佳反应条件：空速l200h^-1，反应温度300℃，氯乙酸甲酯／甲缩醛摩尔比为2．4：1。最佳反应条件下，所得甲缩醛转化率为76．2％，α-氯丙烯酸甲酯的选择性为58．5％，收率为44．58％。     

纳米复合杂多酸催化剂H3PW12O40/SiO2催化合成1-萘乙酸甲酯的研究

采用溶胶凝胶法制备了新型复合杂多酸纳米粒子H3PW12O40／SiO2．并用于催化合成1-萘乙酸甲酯。用IR、XRD、TEM等研究了杂多酸纳米粒子的结构形态．考察了催化酯化的最佳反应条件：催化剂用量为反应物量的4％．醇酸摩尔比为16：1．反应在回流温度下进行3h．酯化收率可达到96．4％。该催化剂重复使用10次后仍有很高的活性。     

甲醛低聚反应研究

以甲缩醛为原料合成聚缩醛二甲醚,考察了催化剂、反应温度、物料配比、反应时『司、搅拌转速等因素对反应的影响。结果表明：以树脂为催化剂,催化剂用量5、vt％左右,甲醛和甲缩醛的摩尔比为1．0～1．5：1,反应温度96～105℃,搅拌转速为600～800r／min,通入的N2初始压力0．8～1．0MPa。在此条件下反应4～6h,反应转化率达到65％左右,选择性为90％左右。     

气相催化氧化法烟酸的绿色合成研究

以3-甲基吡啶为原料,用V2O5／TiO2系催化剂,采用气相氧化法一步合成烟酸。水与3-甲基吡啶分开进料,通入催化剂床层后混合进行反应。实验考察了V2O5／TiO2用量、助剂、反应温度、进水量及空速等因素对催化剂活性的影响。当V2O5负载量为25％,反应温度320～340℃,3-甲基吡啶空速0．15～O8h^-1,空气、水、3-甲基吡啶的进料摩尔比为110：100：1时,烟酸的产率达到90％以上。     

无机方法制TS-1催化环己酮氨氧化反应

用无机方法合成了钛硅分子筛催化剂TS-1,并优化了TS-1催化环己酮氨氧化反应的条件。结果表明：无机催化剂可以取代有机催化剂。物料比、溶剂以及温度都对氨氧化反应有很大的影响。其优化的反应条件：NH。酮摩尔比为2．00,H2O2酮摩尔比为1．50,溶剂用蒸馏水且H2O酮摩尔比为7．5,反应温度为74℃。     

VOx／SiO2催化剂上异丁烷催化脱氢制异丁烯

研究了使用负载法制备的VOx／SiO2催化剂上的异丁烷催化脱氢制异丁烯的反应。使用XRD和Raman光谱技术表征了催化剂的表面结构,考察了催化剂的钒氧化物负载量、反应温度和H2／n-C4H10比对反应性能的影响。研究结果表明：钒氧化物最大单层覆盖量为9％左右,大于9％催化剂表面开始形成V2O5晶体,堵塞载体孔道,使催化剂活性位减少;V2O5负载量9％为最佳钒氧化物负载景;反应温度在590-620℃,氢烷比为1-3为最佳反应条件。同时C1-C3裂解收率受反应温度影响较大,而与氢烷比及钒氧化物负载量影响不大。     

负载型杂多酸PW12／SiO2催化合成乙酸乙酯

以SiO2为载体,采用饱和浸渍法制备负载型杂多酸PW12／SiO2,用于催化合成乙酸乙酯。通过正交试验确定最佳反应条件为:催化剂用量为反应物总质量的4％,酸醇摩尔比为3,反应回流时间为120 min,酯化率可达91.56％以上。     

聚乙二醇1000相转移催化合成N，N-二乙基苯胺的研究

用聚乙二醇1000作相转移催化剂，在常压下由苯胺和溴乙烷合成了N，N-二乙基苯胺。研究了多种反应因素对目的产物产率的影响，提出了常压催化合成目的产物的最佳工艺条件是：苯胺和溴乙烷的摩尔比为1：1．50，催化剂用量0．20g，在30ml、35％的氢氧化钠溶液中，反应温度65℃，常压反应5h，产品收率69．72％。     

固体酸SO4(2-)/Nb2O5催化合成尼龙酸二异丁酯

研究了SO4^2-／Nb2O5作为催化剂催化合成尼龙酸二异丁酯的反应。通过正交试验确定了最佳反应条件：酸醇物质的量比为1：2．5，催化剂为反应物总量的0.35％，反应回流2．0h，在此条件下酯化率可达97．8％。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.