玉米淀粉接枝高吸水树脂的制备研究*

淀粉接枝高吸水性树脂是一种带有吸水基团的网状结构高分子聚合物,是近年来国内外广泛开发研究的新型功能材料之一。以玉米淀粉、丙烯酸(AA)和丙烯酰胺(AM)为原料,N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBA)为交联剂,环己烷为连续相,过硫酸钾(KPS)作为引发剂,在氮气保护下采用反相悬浮聚合法合成高吸水性树脂微球。红外光谱法(FTIR)表明产物为淀粉接枝AA/AM高吸水树脂。通过正交试验探讨了各种因素对树脂吸液率的影响。结果表明较适宜工艺条件是:玉米淀粉用量为10%,引发剂用量为0.2%,交联剂用量为0.3%,分散剂用量为2%。通过显微镜(SEM,TEM)和热重(TGA)探讨了接枝高吸水树脂的外形和热稳定性。结果表明树脂微球粒径大多分布在100μm上下,且热稳定性良好。同时探讨了温度对淀粉接枝高吸水树脂保水能力的影响,结果表明高吸水树脂有良好的保水性能。     

棉短绒纤维制备高吸水性树脂研究

采用溶液聚合法,以天然植物资源棉短绒纤维为原料,经醚化制得羧甲基纤维素(CMC),然 后与丙烯酸(AA)及丙烯酰胺(AM)接枝共聚,最后经N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBAA)交联制备得到高吸水性树脂（SAP）。制备的高吸水性树脂吸收 去离子水的能力超过2500倍,吸收质量分数为09％的生理盐水高达310倍左右,高吸水性树脂经充分吸收润涨后呈透明的胶状物质。     

沸石/羧甲基纤维素接枝丙烯酰胺复合型保水剂的制备

在沸石的存在下,以N,N-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺作交联剂,以过硫酸钾为引发剂,羧甲基纤维素(CMC)与丙烯酸(AA)、丙烯酰胺(AM)进行接枝共聚反应,合成接枝纤维素/沸石复合保水剂.采用红外光谱表征复合保水剂的微观特征,研究纤维素与单体的配比、沸石添加量、交联剂用量、引发剂用量、中和度及单体质量比对吸水率的影响,测试复合材料的吸水速率和保水性.结果表明:当沸石、CMC、引发剂、交联剂用量分别占单体质量的20%、3%、0.7%、0.04%,AA与AM质量比为5,中和度为77%时,复合保水剂吸自来水倍率达434 g/g,对生理盐水溶液的吸水倍率达71 g/g.     

纤维素/AM/AA接枝高吸水树脂的反应机理及表征

研究了以硝酸铈铵为引发剂合成纤维素/AM/AA接枝高吸水树脂的接枝共聚机理,其机理为自由基接枝共聚机理,包括链引发、链增长、键终止和氧化过程。通过IR谱实验特征谱的出现表明丙烯酰胺和丙烯酸已接枝到纤维素上。采用溴化法对接枝效率进行了测定,结果表明以硝酸铈铵为引发剂,高吸水树脂的接枝效率为76%。     

分步法合成SA-IP-P(AA/AM)互穿网络高吸水性树脂及其性能研究

以淀粉接枝丙烯酸共聚物SA为互穿物,以丙烯酸(AA)、丙烯酰胺(AM)为聚合单体,N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(NMBA)为交联剂,采用(NH4)2S2O8-NaHSO3氧化还原引发体系,通过分步法制备SA-IP-P(AA/AM)互穿网络高吸水性树脂。其适宜反应条件为:w(丙烯酰胺/丙烯酸)=0.4;丙烯酸中和度85%;引发剂用量0.32%;交联剂用量0.035%;SA用量8%.在此条件下合成的SA-IP-P(AA/AM)树脂吸去离子倍率和吸0.9%NaCl盐水倍率分别可达到1 480 g.g-1和120 g.g-1.通过红外光谱、扫描电镜、透射电镜和X射线衍射等测试研究了产物中互穿聚合物网络结构,结果显示在保持已有树脂优良性能的基础上,进一步改善了高吸水树脂的保水性能、耐盐性和对环境中水分的应答性.     

淀粉-丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺高吸水性树脂的制备与性能

文章以淀粉(starch, St)、丙烯酸(acrylic acid, AA)和丙烯酰胺(acrylamide, AM)为主要原料,采用水溶液聚合法制备淀粉-丙烯酸-丙烯酰胺高吸水性树脂。通过正交试验优化制备高吸水性树脂的工艺条件,采用单因素法研究单体AA与AM摩尔比对高吸水性树脂结构和性能的影响。研究结果表明,制备St-g-AA-AM高吸水性树脂的优化工艺条件如下:淀粉质量为2 g,单体与淀粉质量比为8∶1,过硫酸铵和N,N’-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺用量分别为淀粉用量的2%和0.5%,AA与AM摩尔比为16∶6,AA中和度为85%,此条件下制备的树脂吸水倍率为1 089.65 g/g。微观表征证实,AA和AM成功地接枝到淀粉上。     

工艺因素对XG-AM接枝共聚型吸水树脂性能的影响

以APS为引发剂,MBAA为交联剂,采用水溶液聚合法,制备了XG-AM接枝共聚耐盐型高吸水性树脂.分别研究了丙烯酰胺用量、碱用量、聚合温度、交联剂和引发剂用量等因素对树脂吸水性能的影响.采用红外光谱仪、X射线粉末衍射仪对树脂进行了表征和测试.结果表明:黄原胶与丙烯酰胺发生了接枝聚合反应,当m(AM)/m(XG)为6∶1,m(NaOH)/m(AM)为1∶1,聚合温度为60℃,m(MBAA)/m(AM)为0.04∶1,m(APS)/m(AM)为0.07∶1时,树脂对去离子水的吸收倍率可达1 240 g.g-1,对0.9%NaCl溶液的吸收倍率达到235 g.g-1.     

改性羧甲基纤维素/SiO2杂化材料结构与性能

丙烯酰胺(AM)与丙烯酸(AA)对羧甲基纤维素(CMC)进行接枝改性,并将其与硅溶胶进行原位杂化制得高吸水性材料.通过红外(FTIR)与扫描电镜(SEM)表征其结构,用TGA分析硅溶胶用量变化对材料热性能的影响.同时,研究硅溶胶用量的变化对吸水性能的影响.     

一种耐盐保水剂的制备及其性能研究

采用水溶液聚合法,以N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂,过硫酸铵为氧化还原引发剂,乙二胺四乙酸为螯合添加剂,丙烯酰胺和部分中和的丙烯酸为单体,制成用于荒漠化防治的交联型耐盐高吸水树脂,研究了交联剂、螯合剂、氧化还原引发剂及中和度等对该高吸水树脂的吸水性和吸盐性的影响。结果表明:使用EDTA作为螯合添加剂,树脂的吸收率有明显提高,吸水(自来水)率和吸盐率分别达到900 g/g和190 g/g以上;改变交联剂、氧化-还原引发剂用量能提高树脂的吸盐性;中和度对树脂的吸水性有一定影响,但对吸盐性没有明显影响。     

羧甲基纤维素-丙烯酰胺吸水性树脂的制备及性能研究

采用氧化还原引发体系,以羧甲基纤维素和丙烯酰胺为原料,接枝共聚制得吸水树脂.研究了单体比、引发剂用量、交联剂用量、NaOH用量、反应温度等因素对树脂吸水性能的影响.当反应温度40℃,时间3 h,丙烯酰胺与羧甲基纤维素的质量比为8:1,引发剂和交联剂用量分别为单体质量的2%和0.4%,NaOH用量1.0 g时,可制得吸水倍率为513 g/g的吸水树脂.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.