聚甲醛热降解性能研究

通过测定聚甲醛的熔融指数、拉伸强度及断裂伸长率,分析、比较其热老化的速度;同时应用扫描电镜、X-射线光电子能谱观察和分析了聚甲醛（POM）的表面形貌、表面官能团的类型。试验结果表明：120％热老化试验条件下,随着老化时间的延长,熔融指数逐渐增大,说明发生了缓慢的热氧化降解过程;20天短期热老化对聚甲醛拉伸强度及断裂伸长率影响不是很明显,说明POM的热老化应该有一个相当长的过程;扫描电镜显示：105天热老化后,聚甲醛表面出现龟裂和粉化现象;X-射线光电子能谱显示：老化前后样品中C1s谱均含有C-C和C-02个峰,但老化后C-C含量降低,C-O含量增加,说明POM的热老化以C-C断裂降解为主,原始试样O1s／C1s为56．98％,105天老化后为72．92％。     

红外光谱分析在YJV电缆绝缘材料老化研究中的应用

利用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对未老化与不同热老化程度的YJV电缆绝缘材料进行分析,探究热老化程度对电缆料内部结构及成分变化的影响。结果表明:YJV电缆绝缘材料发生失效和击穿与受热分解形成的烯烃C=C键和芳环C=C键有关,YJV绝缘材料老化到一定程度后,其红外光谱图出现芳环C=C伸缩振动峰和芳烃C-H变形振动峰,其他老化条件相同的情况下都有随着受热温度的升高而增大的趋势;YJV绝缘材料的红外谱图若出现了1732 cm-1的C=O伸缩振动峰和1170、1066 cm-1的C-O伸缩振动峰,说明电缆绝缘材料已经达到了一定的老化程度,发生漏电、短路故障的可能性很大;红外光谱法判定老化程度,可以预防使用老化的电缆,避免因老化引起事故。     

聚氯乙烯弹性体气候老化性能研究

将聚氯乙烯(PVC)弹性体试样进行户外曝晒试验,对试样老化前后的外观、力学性能、扫描电镜、红外光谱等试验结果进行分析比较,考察了光、热、氧对PVC弹性体气候老化性能的影响。研究结果表明:曝晒6个月后PVC的外观暗淡但有韧性,出现少量裂纹,分布也不均匀;拉伸强度逐渐增加,而断裂伸长率逐渐下降,16个月时下降到73.26%。导致断裂伸长率下降和拉伸强度逐渐增加的原因是DOP增塑剂的慢慢挥发。PVC样品经过16个月的曝晒后的红外光谱显示:波峰1620cm-1的出现说明有C=C存在,波峰969cm-1的消失说明高分子中的CH2断裂,这些都是分子老化所造成的。最后通过数学建模应用软件计算16个月后的断裂伸长率,预测可知:PVC弹性体在户外暴露30个月后就失去使用价值。     

填充聚丙烯的热氧老化性能研究

制备了一种无机矿物填料填充聚丙烯(PP)复合材料,并采用热烘箱老化法,研究了PP的等规度、成核剂、填料的种类与含量及抗氧剂对复合材料热氧老化性能的影响。结果表明,PP的等规度越大,复合材料热氧老化性能越好;成核剂也能提高复合材料的热氧老化性能;填料对复合材料的热氧老化性能有较大影响,其含量越高、粒径越小,复合材料老化性能越差,经表面活化处理的填料体系相比表面未经处理的填料体系具有更好的热氧老化性能;同时也发现,相比对称性受阻酚抗氧剂,非对称性受阻酚抗氧剂能够显著提高复合材料的热氧老化性能。红外光谱表明,聚丙烯在老化过程中,在波数1 730 cm-1产生了典型的羰基C=O强吸收峰,说明聚丙烯分子链发生了老化断裂。     

核电用交联三元乙丙绝缘材料热氧老化状态的评估

采用热氧老化法对核电用交联三元乙丙(EPDM)绝缘材料在180℃下进行不同时间的加速老化,对机械性能、绝缘性能、微观形貌、红外光谱等进行测试分析。结果表明:随着老化时间的增加断裂伸长率和拉伸强度呈下降趋势,硬度呈直线上升趋势;随着老化时间增加白度值下降;体积电阻率和介电强度在老化168h前呈现上升趋势,在168h后下降;SEM微观形貌分析显示老化前EPDM橡胶表面比较平整,随着老化时间增加,表面变得粗糙且有孔洞出现;红外光谱分析显示在3687cm~(-1)和1725cm~(-1)处羟基和羰基吸收峰的强度随着老化时间的增加而增大;2916cm~(-1)和2849cm~(-1)处吸收峰强度随着老化时间的增加而降低,峰宽随着老化时间的增加而逐渐增大。     

聚丙烯熔融指数对GMT力学性能的影响

聚丙烯的熔融指数对GMT的浸渍过程及界面形成过程有着重要的影响。本文通过不同熔融指数的聚丙烯进行实验,得出了不同聚丙烯熔融指数对GMT力学性能的影响,熔融指数高的聚丙烯制得的GMT,其拉伸强度、弯曲强度、弯曲模量均较高,但熔融指数过高,其抗冲击性能要差一些。在本文试验中,熔融指数为20的聚丙烯,制作出的GMT冲击强度最高;而熔融指数为27的聚丙烯,制作出的GMT拉伸及弯曲性能均最高。     

航空聚硫密封剂人工热氧加速老化行为研究

对航空聚硫密封剂进行人工加速热氧老化试验,并采用光学显微镜、光泽度仪、邵氏A硬度计、万能试验机、动态力学分析(DMA)法和红外光谱(FT-IR)法等手段分析了热氧老化对聚硫密封剂的表面微观形貌、硬度、拉伸性能、耐热性和基团特征峰等影响。结果表明:随热氧老化时间延长,聚硫密封剂的光泽度逐渐降低,表面出现明显的泡孔缺陷;当老化时间为20~30 d时,密封剂的拉伸强度和断裂伸长率降幅明显;当老化时间为40 d时,聚硫密封剂的硫化反应更加完全,并且老化期间无可降解新官能团生成,而且其耐热性和室温储能模量基本不变,说明其耐热氧老化性能良好。     

回收聚丙烯含量对共混改性样品性能的影响研究

为了探究回收塑料含量对共混改性再生料加工性能及物理性能的影响，将回收聚丙烯胶头母料（回料）与纯聚丙烯进行共混制备共混样品，表征其流变性能、结晶性能及力学性能。结果表明：当回料含量从0增至50%时，共混样品熔体黏度降低，松弛谱中0.1 s处松弛峰向低频移动；回料存在较高分子量部分使共混熔体在1 s处也出现松弛峰。当回料含量从0增至50%时，共混样品在冷却过程主结晶峰的峰值温度从118.2℃升高至120℃，但也出现明显的低温结晶行为。当回料含量从10%增至50%时，样品结晶度从40%降至35%，同时也出现低熔点结晶结构。当回料含量为50%时，共混样品冲击强度、拉伸强度、弯曲强度和弯曲模量分别下降35%、7%、10%和9%，表明回料的增加导致共混样品力学性能降低。     

傅里叶红外在分析煤干馏转化过程中的应用

采用傅里叶红外测定了神木煤、金浩煤及这2种煤在格金干馏试验条件下获得的神木半焦和金浩半焦等4个样品的表面微化学结构及官能团,通过对红外谱图的分峰拟合处理,对上述4个样品表观的化学结构变化特性进行半定量分析;分析结果显示,神木煤的支链化程度高于金浩煤,干馏后,脂肪碳氢随挥发分析出,表现为脂肪碳氢所属波段的吸收峰强度减弱,半焦芳香度增加,C=O和COOH含量下降,C-O比C=O稳定。     

增塑剂对聚氯乙烯紫外光老化性能影响的研究

采用力学性能测试、扫描电镜（SEM）、红外光谱（FT-IR）等方法研究了增塑剂邻苯二甲酸二辛酯（DOP）对聚氯乙烯（PVC）紫外光老化性能的影响。结果表明：随着紫外光照射时间的延长，试样表面颜色逐渐变深并产生裂纹，硬质PVC试样的断裂伸长率显著减小，拉伸强度变化不大；而软质PVC试样的断裂伸长率和拉伸强度均降低；在老化过程中，出现了C—Cl键的断裂、羰基的形成及其红外吸收峰的逐步增大等过程。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。