基于声发射监测的巴西盘试样破裂过程

应用声发射及盖格尔定位算法,实验研究了不同巴西盘岩样加载破裂失稳过程.结果表明:声发射事件主要由于裂纹扩展产生,在初始加载阶段直至裂纹萌生之前,其声发射活动不是很明显;一旦岩样出现初始裂纹,在相应的应力点声发射事件明显增多;在微裂纹扩展的非稳定阶段至岩石破坏瞬间,声发射活动变得异常活跃,声发射事件变化率最大.由此直观反映了巴西盘试验过程初始裂纹的产生、扩展空间位置及扩展方向,即大部分试样的破坏是从一加载端开始,而少数试样的初始裂纹是在岩样的内部产生.同时,声发射事件定位也是岩样内部应力场演化过程的宏观表现,这对于深入研究岩石破裂失稳机制很有意义.     

不同岩石声发射活动特性的实验研究

应用声发射及其定位技术,对不同岩样破裂过程的声发射活动规律进行实验研究,借以揭示不同岩样的破裂失稳机理.实验结果表明:几种岩石的破坏模式相同,均发生劈裂破坏;在相同实验条件下,在初始加载时,5种岩样产生的声发射事件均比较少;随着载荷的增加,不同岩石的声发射活动表现并非一致,砂岩在整个加载过程产生的声发射事件数最少,而花岗岩产生的声发射事件数最多;砂岩和花岗岩(红色)其声发射事件变化率非常明显,在破坏前无任何征兆;由于声发射事件定位是时差定位法,岩样波速影响着声发射事件的定位,砂岩、大理岩(黑色)及花岗岩(红色)等岩样没有得到定位结果;而花岗岩与大理岩的声发射定位结果,直观反映了其内部裂纹初始、...     

不同岩石声发射定位算法及其实验研究

应用声发射定位技术实验研究了不同加载方式下不同岩石(花岗岩、砂岩)破裂过程中内部裂纹扩展的三维空间演化过程;对Geiger定位算法和单纯形定位算法的定位原理进行了分析,并对两种定位算法的定位精度进行了探讨.研究表明:声发射定位事件直观反映了裂纹萌生、扩展的动态演化过程,声发射事件的定位结果与岩石试样的实际破坏模式非常吻合;单纯形算法的定位精度要高于Geiger算法,但定位的声发射事件数少于Geiger算法.在基于声发射定位技术对岩石失稳破裂过程进行研究时,可根据具体情况选用定位方法,也可通过两种或多种定位算法的对比分析来获得更精确的定位结果.     

受拉加载速度变化对砂岩Kaiser效应影响

为分析受拉加载速度变化下的岩石破坏过程Kaiser效应特征,获取其机理和判断标准,通过3种加载速度的三点弯曲声发射试验,研究了受拉应力状态下砂岩Kaiser点的应力值与加载速度、声发射特征参数间的相互联系。运用RFPA2D从微裂纹开展角度,对试验过程中Kaiser效应随加载速度变化呈现的差异进行了机理分析。最后,运用小波分析方法获取了不同加载速度的砂岩Kaiser点频谱分布区间,量化了其宏观现象的判断标准。结果表明:砂岩的Kaiser效应特征参数与加载速度正相关,各参数的Kaiser点明显程度存在差异,累计事件参数最明显。加载速度越快,岩石裂纹扩展路径的规律性越弱。因裂纹竞争起裂趋势难度的变化,造成开裂能量分布均匀性降低,影响Kaiser效应的准确度和明显程度。Kaiser点的频率主要集中在0～312.50kHz范围,占比为40.54%,最大值在300kHz附近,呈现正态分布,并且Kaiser点的频率区间随加载速度的变化呈现不断紧缩趋势,这一规律可以作为反演辨识岩石受荷冲击强度变化的依据。     

砂浆板冲击荷载下声发射定位试验研究

在混凝土静载声发射研究基础上,提出基于声发射定位的混凝土冲击荷载研究方法,通过锤击、均匀冲击荷载试验,采用逐级递增循环冲击加载方式研究砂浆板的破裂失稳过程,及其内部裂纹萌生、扩展形成裂缝至最终贯穿的演化模式。结果表明,声发射事件产生主要由裂缝扩展引起,并随冲击力变化表现不同特征:在初始冲击荷载至初始裂缝出现之前,声发射活动不明显;随动载增大试件出现裂纹,声发射事件明显增多;裂纹稳定扩展成裂缝至贯穿前声发射活动异常活跃,声发射事件变化率最大;裂缝一旦贯穿继续冲击不再出现声发射活动。裂缝贯穿瞬间虽不产生声发射事件,但仍可根据声发射定位图走势推断。     

不同应力路径对岩石声发射Kaiser效应的影响

为了解在循环加载过程中使用不同应力路径岩石声发射Kaiser效应的特征,采用岩石破裂过程分析软件(RFPA2D)对三种不同应力路径下岩石试样的声发射特征进行了数值计算.在循环加载中采用不同的应力路径对试样加载,在二次加载过程中仍能观测到清晰的Kaiser效应,但是KF值却与先前的最大应力值有较大差别.研究结果表明,岩石Kaiser记忆的真实内容不是先前所受的最大应力,而是岩石内部的损伤程度.使用从原岩中取样,在实验室做单轴压缩声发射实验观测KF值的方法测得的应力值与真实的原岩应力有较大的差别.这一结论对于进一步认识Kaiser效应的本质和用Kaiser效应准确的测定原岩应力有重要的作用.     

纳米混凝土声发射Kaiser效应的试验与数值模拟

为研究纳米材料的微观结构对混凝土宏观力学性能的影响,采用声发射试验和数值模拟相结合的方法,研究纳米混凝土在循环载荷作用下的声发射特性.结果表明:纳米混凝土具有明显的Kaiser效应,但存在一定的应力水平范围.与普通混凝土相比,由于受到纳米SiO2微观作用的影响,纳米混凝土在前3次加载过程中,声发射能量高、幅值大、活性强.但在第4次加载时,由于承载能力得到提高,纳米混凝土声发射能量累积曲线的变化相对平缓.RFPA数值模拟结果与试验结果具有一致性,其应力图和声发射图能够形象地表征试件裂纹的扩展过程和破裂位置.这有助于深入了解纳米混凝土损伤过程的声发射特征.     

岩石损伤破裂过程与声发射特性耦合规律实验研究

采用MTS岩石力学试验系统和PAC公司SAMOS声发射监测系统,开展了灰岩、大理岩试样单轴受压破坏过程声发射特性试验,研究了岩石受力、变形过程中,声发射事件时间序列、空间分布、能量和b值等声发射参数特征,分析了岩样损伤破裂不同阶段与声发射参数的内在联系与特征规律.研究表明,岩石试件宏观破坏前,岩石中的裂纹处于非稳定扩展阶段,声发射事件急剧增加,达到弹性变形阶段的5～8倍,并逐渐向破裂面集中,弹性能加速释放,声发射累积能量急剧增加,为弹性变形阶段的103倍;声发射事件的振幅明显增加,可达弹性变形阶段的10倍;声发射波形峰值前的延续时间相对较短,频谱分散,出现多峰现象;通过对岩样的声发射源定位,有效采集到微损伤“积聚区”,该区域的微损伤密度明显大于试样其它区域;随着岩样中微裂纹的局部扩展、贯通直至岩样破坏,b值和M值发生显著变化,岩样破坏前b值急剧减小,声发射事件震级明显增大.     

岩石单轴压缩Kaiser效应的试验研究

岩石材料在压缩过程中能量释放将产生大量的声发射现象。本文基于Kaiser效应理论及Kaiser点的确定方法,运用单轴压缩试验研究分析了岩石试件的Kaiser效应,结果表明：当岩石压应力达到或超过先期加载应力水平时,将首次出现大量的声发射事件,此处应力水平点即为Kaiser点,采用声发射确定的Kaiser效应点应力值比真实值大8%-8.7%。这表明,Kaiser效应法是一种简单、直观、经济的地应力测定方法。     

基于矩张量分析的花岗岩破裂声发射特征试验

基于声发射定位技术和矩张量分析方法,对在单轴加载条件下岩石破裂过程中的裂纹破裂机制及时空分布特征进行试验研究.借助CAD软件展示不同破裂机制的声发射事件,直观反映裂纹破裂类型.研究结果表明:单轴压缩加载试验中,花岗岩试样破裂以剪破坏为主,但岩石微裂纹的破裂类型所占比例并不固定,岩石内部微裂纹破裂类型与岩石材料的力学环境有关;花岗岩作为一种脆性岩石,破裂不符合格里菲斯强度准则认为的脆性材料都是拉伸破坏的基本观点,证明格里菲斯强度准则对于均质度不高的脆性岩石的适用性有一定的局限;花岗岩单轴压缩试验中,试样的破坏类型与其应力水平没有关系,3种类型的声发射事件随应力增大的变化趋势相似.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.