多菌混合固态发酵产纤维素酶研究

采用多菌混合发酵可以提高纤维素酶的活力,为获得高活力的纤维素酶制剂,文中以碱处理后的甘蔗渣和麸皮作为发酵产酶培养基,采用响应面法对2株纤维素酶生产菌里氏木霉CICC40359和斜卧青霉SMX固态混合发酵条件进行了优化。结果发现在发酵温度为28℃,料水比(质量体积比)1∶2.5(g/mL)的条件下,当V(青霉)∶V(木霉)为3∶1,总接种量8%(mL/g),培养基中m(蔗渣)∶m(麸皮)为2∶1,发酵3 d时,滤纸酶活有最大值达到101.825 FPU/g,这为后续优化工作的开展提供了依据,同时高酶活下发酵液中呈现高的糖质量分数为同步产酶发酵产乙醇提供了新思路。     

应用里氏木霉发酵制备纤维素酶固体曲的研究

应用本实验室筛选得到的纤维素酶高产菌株里氏木霉（Trichoderma reesei）150-1-1发酵制备纤维素酶固体曲,通过优化固态发酵培养基组成及发酵条件,制备得到纤维素酶活力较高的固体曲及粗酶液。实验结果表明,在原料量为10 g,麸皮与秸杆粉质量比为4：1,料液比为1：2.5,发酵时间为120 h,发酵温度为31℃,发酵起始pH值为5.5的条件下,应用里氏木霉150-1-1发酵得到的纤维素酶固体曲酶活力达到423.6 U/g。     

粗糙脉孢菌固态发酵产纤维素酶工艺优化

从青储饲料中分离得到一株产纤维素酶能力较强的丝状真菌,经形态学和26SrDNA D1/D2区序列比对分析,确认该菌株属粗糙脉孢菌(Neurospora crassa)。通过单因素实验和正交实验探讨了碳源、氮源、无机盐、料水比、培养温度、培养时间对菌株固态发酵产纤维素酶的影响。确定最适产酶工艺为:碳源麸皮与稻草秆的质量比6∶4、氮源3%(NH4)2SO4、料水比1∶1.5(g∶mL)、培养温度30℃、培养时间60h,无机盐KH_2PO_4和MgSO_4对产酶影响不显著,在最适产酶工艺下,固态发酵产纤维素酶酶活达到251.27U·g-1以上。     

香菇柄酶解糖化过程的研究

对以麸皮与香菇柄为原料、绿色木霉为菌种的固态发酵产酶进行了研究.结果表明:m(麸皮)∶m(香菇柄粉)为3∶2、料水比为1∶2.0、起始pH值为5.00时,所产纤维素酶水解香菇柄的得糖率最高.在此基础上进一步设计了4因素3水平正交实验,得到最佳水解工艺条件为:底物含量5%,酶量400FPA/100mL水,pH值5.00,温度50℃.在此条件下,香菇柄的得糖率达63.2%.     

回转条件下微生物产酶表征

选定3株高产淀粉酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶的细菌(枯草芽孢杆菌)、放线菌(链霉菌)和丝状真菌(里氏木霉)作为模式菌株,研究了在回转条件下单独发酵产酶及混合培养产酶过程及能力。结果表明,枯草芽孢杆菌、链霉菌和里氏木霉在pH值6.0～7.9之间都可生长。在回转条件下发酵30d,枯草芽孢杆菌维持一定产淀粉酶和蛋白酶能力;链霉菌能够产少量的蛋白酶和淀粉酶;里氏木霉除了具有一定的产纤维素酶能力外,也能产少量的蛋白酶和淀粉酶。将3株菌进行分步混合培养,发酵过程中均能保持较高的淀粉酶活力和蛋白酶活力,在20d和30d的发酵液中检测不到纤维素酶活力。     

玉米种皮固态发酵绿色木霉生产纤维素酶的研究

通过以玉米种皮为基质对绿色木霉J98-06的固态发酵研究,选育得到一株高产纤维素酶菌株,其最适培养条件为:玉米种皮与麦麸质量比3:7,硫酸铵1.4%,K2HPO4 0.2%(质量分数),加水量为1:1.2～1.4(质量比),发酵温度30℃,发酵时间4天,产酶活力高达3865 U/g(干曲)。     

里氏木酶利用预处理小麦秆生产纤维素酶的应用研究

为了降低里氏木霉生产纤维素酶的成本,研究了小麦秸秆经白腐菌和酸处理后主要成分如纤维素、木聚糖、木质素含量的变化,采用正交实验考察了里氏木霉菌发酵小麦秆生产纤维素酶的最佳条件,研究得到的最佳条件为:小麦秆∶麸皮=2∶3,培养温度30℃,起始pH 5.0,发酵时间48 h。通过对正交实验条件的优化,发酵液滤纸酶活(FPA)为6.11 IU.mL-1,羧甲基纤维素酶活(CMCase)为29.11 IU.mL-1,纤维二糖酶活(CBA)为16.11 IU.mL-1。和原工艺相比FPA、CMCase和CBA分别提高了30.78%、26.82%和37.11%。     

稻草秸秆发酵同时糖化酵解产乳酸的初步研究

本文研究了以稻草秸秆为原料经机械粉碎等处理后,用康宁木霉、黑曲霉、绿色木霉所产纤维素酶和米根霉对其进行同时糖化发酵生产乳酸.本次试验分别采用培养温度、CaCO3的添加次序、装液量、培养时间四个因素,重复试验逐一确定出最优的单因素条件,确定出在最佳试验条件下(培养温度为30℃、每隔24h添加1.5?CO3、装液量为70mL、培养时间为72h).黑曲霉与米根霉同时发酵时产乳酸量可达到22.6mg/ml.     

降解秸秆的纤维素酶产生菌的筛选及产酶条件研究

从土壤、霉变的农产品和实验室保存的真菌中筛选到15株产纤维素酶的菌株,其中绿色木霉T206产酶能力最强。利用液体发酵,研究了碳源、氮源、接种量、起始pH值、培养时间等对菌株产酶的影响,以及该菌株所产纤维素酶的种类。在最适条件下菌株培养96h后,羧甲基纤维素酶活(CMCA)最高达到7654.33U,是优化前酶活的1.7倍,滤纸酶活(FPA)达到1675.12U。     

一株产木聚糖酶菌株的筛选及发酵产酶条件优化

以木聚糖为唯一碳源,从含有大量腐烂枯枝树叶土壤中筛选到一株高产木聚糖酶菌株,经形态学分析和分子学鉴定,确定其为链霉属(Streptomyces)。通过单因素实验考察了碳源、氮源、初始pH值、发酵温度和发酵时间对酶活的影响;在单因素实验的基础上,利用Design-Expert软件对碳源、氮源和发酵时间进行响应面分析。单因素实验确定适宜发酵产酶条件为:复合碳源为玉米芯粉+蔗糖(1∶2)、氮源为硝酸铵、初始pH值4.0、发酵时间2.5d、发酵温度30℃,此时,所产木聚糖酶酶活为511U·mL~(-1);响应面分析确定最优发酵产酶条件为:复合碳源(玉米芯粉∶蔗糖=1∶2)添加量4.09%、氮源硝酸铵添加量1.16%、初始pH值4.0、发酵时间3.14d、发酵温度30℃,此时,所产木聚糖酶酶活达到641U·mL~(-1),较单因素实验提高了25.44%。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。