丙型肝炎病毒非结构蛋白NS4A反式激活基因的克隆化研究

目的应用抑制性消减杂交（SSH）技术构建丙型肝炎病毒非结构蛋白4A（HCV NS4A）转染细胞差异表达cDNA消减文库，克隆HCV NS4A蛋白反式激活相关基因。方法以HCV NS4A表达质粒pcDNA3．1（-）-NS4A转染Hep G2细胞，以空载体pcDNA3．1（-）为对照，制备转染后的细胞裂解液，提取mRNA并逆转录为cDNA，进行SSH分析。将富集的二次PCR产物与TIA载体连接，并转染大肠埃希菌进行文库扩增，随机挑取克隆，聚合酶链反应（PCR）扩增后进行测序及同源性分析。结果文库扩增后得到36个阳性克隆，经菌落PCR分析显示200～1000bp插入片段。对其中的25个片段测序，并进行同源性分析，显示18种已知基因编码蛋白和2种未知功能基因序列，包括一些与细胞周期、细胞凋亡、信号传导及肿瘤发生等细胞生长调节密切相关的蛋白编码基因，可能是NS4A反式激活靶基因。结论成功构建了HCV NS4A反式激活基因差异表达的cDNA消减文库，为进一步阐明HCV NS4A反式调节的靶基因等提供了相关的平台。     

应用抑制性消减杂交技术克隆PS1TP1的反式激活基因

目的 应用抑制性消减杂交（SSH）技术构建乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）前-S1蛋白（preS1）反式激活蛋白1（PS1TP1）的相关基因cDNA消减文库,克隆PS1TP1反式激活相关基因,以期发现PS1TP1蛋白反式激活作用的靶位点.方法 以PS1TP1表达质粒PcDNA3.1（-）-PS1TP1转染HepG2细胞,以空载体pcDNA3.1（-）为对照;提取mRNA并逆转录为cDNA,进行两次消减杂交及两次抑制性PCR,将产物与pGEM-Teasy载体连接,构建cDNA消减文库.结果 文库扩增后得到90个阳性克隆,随机挑选43个克隆测序,并进行同源性分析,获得12种编码基因,其中10个为已知功能基因,另外2个为未知功能序列.结论 成功构建PS1TP1反式激活的相关基因cDNA消减文库,为今后进一步分析、研究病毒蛋白的致病机制奠定基础.为进一步研究PS1TP1蛋白的功能及其在HBV感染中的分子生物学机制提供理论依据和研究方法.     

抑制性消减杂交技术筛选重组IFNβ下调HepG2细胞靶基因

目的利用抑制性消减杂交（SSH）技术构建重组干扰素β（IFNβ）刺激人肝癌细胞系HepG2差异表达基因的cDNA消减文库，筛选IFNβ下凋HepG2相关基因。方法重组IFNβ2000U／ml刺激对数生长期HepG2细胞，以生理盐水作用的HepG2细胞为阴性对照；制备细胞裂解液，从中提取mRNA并逆转录为cDNA，经Rsa Ⅰ酶切后将实验组cDNA分成两份，分别与两种不同的接头连接，再与对照组cDNA进行两次消减杂交及两次抑制性PCR，将产物与T／A载体连接，构建cDNA消减文库，并转染大肠埃希菌进行文库扩增，随机挑选克隆PCR后进行测序及同源性分析。结果成功构建重组IFNβ刺激HepG2细胞差异表达基因的cDNA消减文库。文库扩增后，得到58个阳性克隆，进行菌落PCR分析，均得到200～1000bp插入片段。随机挑选其中35个插入片段测序，并通过生物信息学分析，结果共获得12种编码基因。结论应用SSH技术成功构建了IFNβ刺激HepG2细胞差异表达基因的cDNA消减文库，为进一步了解IFNβ在肝细胞内的免疫调节机制提供了依据。     

应用酵母双杂交系统筛选E2F1相互作用蛋白

目的:应用酵母双杂交系统从人正常胃黏膜细胞的cDNA文库中筛选E2F1转录因子的相互作用蛋白。方法:以pGBKT7-E2F1为诱饵质粒筛选人正常胃黏膜细胞的cDNA文库,得到阳性克隆,反复验证,并对验证后的阳性克隆进行测序及同源性分析。结果:从人正常胃黏膜细胞的cDNA文库中筛选得到20个阳性克隆,经测序和同源性分析,筛除假阳性克隆,最终得到18个不同的候选基因序列。其中,17个为可知基因序列,它们分别是:组织蛋白酶B、SIVA1、干扰素调节因子7、鸟苷酸激酶1、ATP酶抑制因子1、核糖体蛋白SA、纤溶酶原激活物抑制剂1 mRNA结合蛋白、精氨琥珀酸合酶1、卵泡抑素类似物3、金属硫蛋白2A、内质网钙结合蛋白1、WNT1可诱导信号通路蛋白2、CDC42 效应蛋白1、可溶性半乳糖凝集素结合蛋白1、中胚层发育候选2、外切酶体成分7和含EGF腓骨蛋白样胞外基质蛋白 1,尚有一未知基因片段。结论:应用酵母双杂交系统成功筛选出18种E2F1相互作用蛋白,为进一步探讨E2F1影响胃癌细胞生物学行为的分子机制奠定了基础。     

人类p73基因TAp73α cDNA片段克隆及鉴定

目的　构建真核表达重组质粒pcDNA3 1 /TAp73αcDNA ,克隆包含人类 p73基因TAp73α转录本蛋白编码区的cDNA片段。方法　采用RT PCR方法获取TAp73αcDNA目的片段 ,构建pcDNA3 1 /TAp73αcDNA重组质粒 ,用构建的重组质粒转化大肠杆菌JM 10 9,通过酶切和测序进行相应的鉴定。 结果　包含人类 p73基因TAp73α转录本蛋白编码区的cDNA片段被成功插入真核表达载体 pcDNA3 1 质粒的多克隆位点 ,经鉴定与理论设计完全一致。结论　包含人类 p73基因TAp73α转录本蛋白编码区的cDNA片段已被成功克隆。     

Sirt2基因的克隆及其在HEK293中的表达

目的:克隆大鼠Sirt2 基因, 构建其真核表达载体并在HEK293细胞中表达.方法:利用RT-PCR从大鼠脑组织总RNA中扩增出包含Sirt2编码区的cDNA片段, 产物纯化后T-A克隆连接至pMD20-T载体.以此为模板, 将该基因编码区克隆入真核表达载体pcDNA3.1myc-his(-)中, 转染HEK293细胞检测其表达.结果:测序证实所克隆的Sirt2编码区cDNA正确地插入pcDNA3.1myc-his(-)中, 经免疫荧光检测证实其在HEK293细胞中得到表达.结论:成功克隆了大鼠Sirt2 cDNA, 构建了其真核表达载体, 并在HEK293细胞中得到有效表达, 为进一步研究大鼠Sirt2的功能奠定了基础.     

高温致金黄地鼠神经管畸形的上调表达基因筛选及其鉴定

目的:筛选高温致金黄地鼠神经管畸形的上调表达基因,探讨其分子生物学机制。方法:通过抑制性消减杂交技术获得消减产物,转化大肠杆菌DH5α,构建高温致金黄地鼠胚胎神经管畸形的消减cDNA文库;联合蓝白斑和菌落PCR方法筛选含插入片段的阳性克隆,进行测序和同源性分析,并经Northern杂交技术检测基因的表达。结果:成功构建高温致金黄地鼠胚胎神经管畸形的消减cDNA文库,其中2个克隆插入片段的基因序列与小鼠磷酸甘油酸酯激酶(Pgk-1)同源。Northern杂交证实该基因在高温致畸胚胎神经管的表达较其在同龄正常胚胎神经管明显升高。结论:Pgk-1的上调表达可能与高温致神经管畸形密切相关。     

乙型肝炎病毒E抗原肝细胞作用蛋白AK026018表达谱芯片的研究

目的 应用基因芯片技术,筛选能被乙型肝炎病毒E抗原（HBeAg）肝细胞作用蛋白AK026018反式调节的靶基因,初步研究该蛋白的生物学功能.方法 应用反转录聚合酶链反应（RT-PCR）技术,从HepG2细胞中扩增编码AK026018蛋白的全基因,构建真核表达载体,转染肝母细胞瘤系HepG2,提取总mRNA,逆转录为cDNA,与转染空白表达载体pcDNA3.1的HepG2细胞进行DNA芯片分析并比较.结果 经限制性内切酶分析和DNA序列测定鉴定构建的重组表达载体正确.在8464个基因表达谱的筛选中,发现有122个基因有差异表达,其中78种基因表达水平显著下调,45种基因表达水平显著上调.结论 成功地应用DNA芯片技术筛选出HBeAg结合蛋白新基因AK026018的反式调节蛋白,证明该基因对于肝细胞基因表达谱有显著影响.     

应用抑制消减杂交技术构建结核分枝杆菌差异表达基因消减cDNA文库

目的:构建结核分枝杆菌H37Rv与H37Ra的差异表达基因消减文库,分离结核分枝杆菌差异表达cDNA片段.方法:利用抑制性消减杂交技术分析结核分枝杆菌强毒株H37Rv和弱毒株H37Ra的基因组mRNA的表达差异,并进行两轮消减杂交和两次PCR,将第二次PCR产物与pGEM-T载体相连,电击转化大肠杆菌E.coff DH5α进行文库扩增和蓝白斑筛选,RT-PCR承鉴定差异表达文库.结果:以结核分枝杆菌强毒株H37Rv的cDNA为检测子的正相杂交和以弱毒株H37Ra的cDNA为检测子的反相杂交各自高表达或特异性表达的片段都得到选择性扩增,成功构建了差异表达cDNA文库 A库和B库.所长出的菌落中90%为白色克隆,其中单一条带的克隆占75%和80%,片段大小集中在100～800 bp之间.结论:利用SSH技术成功构建了结核分枝杆菌强毒株H37Rv和弱毒株H37Ra差异表达基因消减cDNA文库,该消减文库的建立为进一步筛选、克隆这两种菌株之间差异表达的新基因奠定了基础.     

IgA肾病肾阴虚证cDNA文库的构建

目的应用抑制性消减杂交（suppression subtractive hybridization,SSH）技术构建汉族人IgA肾病肾阴虚证cDNA消减文库。方法选择IgA肾病且中医辨证为肾阴虚证的患者以及正常人作为其对照组,进行正向和反向消减杂交。采用Trizol BD法提取总RNA,用SMART技术逆转录并扩增总cDNA,用RsaⅠ酶切基因组cDNA成大小不等的片段,分别与两种不同的接头连接,进行2次消减杂交及2次抑制性PCR,然后将PCR产物与U载体连接,经蓝白斑筛选后,再用PCR方法插入片段筛选出阳性重组质粒,构建IgA肾病肾阴虚证消减文库。结果用SSH方法筛选出了IgA肾病肾阴虚证的差异cDNA片段,其中正向消减文库共获得325个阳性克隆．反向消减文库获得306个阳性克隆,从而成功地构建了IgA肾病肾阴虚证的cDNA消减文库。结论SSH技术能够快速有效地分离差异cDNA片段,成功构建了IgA肾病肾阴虚证的cDNA文库,为进一步克隆肾阴虚证的相关基因奠定了基础。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

Hypo- und Hypermagnesämie aus kardiologischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe pathologischer Zustände bedingen Magnesiummangel. Zustände mit Hypermagnesämie sind ebenfalls bekannt, doch wesentlich seltener. Für den Kardiologen beachtenswert ist, daß unter Therapie mit bestimmten Diuretica bei Herzinsuffizienz, bei Herzinfarkt, Kardiomyopathie, Digitalisintoxikation und bestimmten Herzrhythmusstörungen Hypomagnesämie beobachtet wurde. Leider kann in der klinischen Routine nur ein extracelluläres Magnesiumdefizit durch Serumbestimmungen gemessen werden; über Magnesiummangel einzelner Organe kann nichts ausgesagt werden. Hinweise für Magnesiummangel geben aber neben der Messung des Serumspiegels Anamnese, klinischer Befund, bestimmte EKG-Veränderungen wie auch evtl. Hypokalämie, ein Zustand, bei dem sich oft — besonders bei Aldosteronismus — parallele Veränderungen zeigten.Tierexperimente deuten darauf hin, daß infarktähnliche Läsionen unter Magnesiummangel entstehen, doch ob Herzinfarkt beim Menschen durch Magnesiummangel ausgelöst werden kann, ist noch ungeklärt. In Leichenherzen zeigte sich im Infarktgebiet neben Calciumakkumulation signifikanter Magnesiumverlust, wobei unklar blieb, ob sich Ursache oder Folge des Infarktes widerspiegelten. Falls ein ursächlicher Zusammenhang besteht, ist er im Myokardstoffwechsel selbst zu suchen, wie bei der Alkoholkardiomyopathie, wo myokardialer Magnesiummangel zumindest als pathogenetischer Teilfaktor anerkannt wird. Andererseits versucht man aber auch Beziehungen zwischen Atherosklerose, Blutgerinnung und Hypomagnesämie herzustellen, in der Meinung, daß Magnesiummangel auch über den coronaren Pathomechanismus des Herzinfarktes wirken könnte. Sicher scheint, daß gewisse EKG-Veränderungen und Herzrhythmusstörungen durch einen irritierten Magnesiumhaushalt bedingt sein können, da sie bei Gabe bzw. Entzug von Magnesium verschwinden. Daß Magnesiummangel die Glykosidtoleranz verringert, wird tierexperimentell bestätigt. Unter Hypomagnesämie bewirkt Acetylstrophanthidin eher und länger Rhythmusstörungen als ohne, außerdem lassen diese sich durch Magnesiumgaben eliminieren. Da in gewissen Fällen spontane und digitalisinduzierte Herzrythmusstörungen durch Magnesiuminjektionen beseitigt wurden, scheint Magnesium als Therapeuticum angebracht. Einsatz verschiedener Magnesiumsalze bei Angina pectoris, degenerativen Herzerkrankungen und Herzinsuffizienz ohne geprüften und offensichtlich gestörten Magnesiumhaushalt ist fragwürdig, weil keine eindeutigen klinischen Erfolgsbeweise vorliegen. Immerhin mag es aber larvierte, durch Serumbestimmungen nicht erfaßbare Mangelzustände geben. Allgemein erscheint es aus kardiologischer Sicht ratsam, den Magnesiumhaushalt zu überwachen und in entsprechenden Fällen auszugleichen, um möglichen Myokardläsionen oder fatalen Herzrhythmusstörungen entgegenzuwirken.     

Environmental risk factors and their role in the management of atopic dermatitis

Introduction: The etiology of atopic dermatitis (AD) is multifactorial with interaction between genetics, immune and environmental factors.

Areas covered: We review the role of prenatal exposures, irritants and pruritogens, pathogens, climate factors, including temperature, humidity, ultraviolet radiation, outdoor and indoor air pollutants, tobacco smoke exposure, water hardness, urban vs. rural living, diet, breastfeeding, probiotics and prebiotics on AD.

Expert commentary: The increased global prevalence of AD cannot be attributed to genetics alone, suggesting that evolving environmental exposures may trigger and/or flare disease in predisposed individuals. There is a complex interplay between different environmental factors, including individual use of personal care products and exposure to climate, pollution, food and other exogenous factors. Understanding these complex risk factors is crucial to developing targeted interventions to prevent the disease in millions. Moreover, patients require counseling on optimal regimens for minimization of exposure to irritants and pruritogens and other harmful exposures.     

HLA genes in Amerindians from Mexico San Vicente Tancuayalab Teenek/Huastecos

Huastecos or Teenek Amerindians are presently living at North East Mexico (San Luis Potosi State). They have probably one of the most ancient culture of Mexico and Central America together with Mayas and Olmec groups with which also show close relationships. Proximity to Atlantic Ocean/Mexican Gulf originated that Spaniards had very early contact with them at about 1519 CE or before. In the present paper we have aimed to study HLA gene profile which may be useful for HLA and disease epidemiology and transplant programs in Teeneks. HLA-DRB1*04:07, -DRB1*14:06 and -DRB1*04:11 have been found in high frequency like in other Amerindian groups. High frequency typical Amerindians HLA extended haplotypes have been found, such as A*02-B*35-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; A*68-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 and A*02-B*39-DRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02; also new haplotypes have been described, like A*02-B*52-DRB1*04:11-DQB1*03:02, A*68-B*35-DRB1*14:02-DQB1*03:01 and A*68-B*40-DRB1*16:02-DQB1*03:01. Genetic proximity is observed not only to linguistically close Mayans, but also to Mazatecans, Mixtecans and Zapotecans, who speak an altogether different languages; it shows once more that genes and languages do not correlate. This population was greatly diminished after European contact between 1500 and 1600 years CE; in fact, North and South America First Inhabitants population was brought from 80 down to 8 million people because of diseases (i.e.: measles, smallpox or influenza), slavery and war.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.