Food choice and intake: the human factor

Human perceptions and selection of food are derived from the prevailing and momentary food, agro-economic and cultural environment, cognitive and biological characteristics of individuals, and the real and perceived intrinsic and extrinsic attributes of foods themselves. The range of items typically chosen and consumed within a given population is largely determined by interaction of the external environmental context with guiding sets of implicit and explicit social and psychobiological 'rules'. Within the rather broad limits of biology, individual food choices and intake behaviours relate to and reflect aspects of food availability, existing habitual behaviours, learning mechanisms, and individual beliefs and expectations. Many of the relevant features of these variables are uniquely human, together determining what is 'food', when, how, by and with whom it is chosen and eaten, and in what quantities. They also provide the opportunities for individuals to establish and maintain a relatively stable set of culturally and biologically determined affective responses ('likes') and intake behaviours. Understanding of the potential contribution of these influences under different conditions can serve to explain many of the observed characteristics of human eating, and highlight potential avenues for intervention.     

中小学生近视危险因素研究进展

中国中小学生近视率居高不下、不断攀升,且呈低龄化、重度化趋势;严重威胁学生的身心健康,已成为政府和全社会关注焦点。近视危险因素众多,发病机制目前仍未明确,且病程进展具有渐进、叠加和不可逆等特征。发现及控制近视的危险因素,对近视防控意义重大。以国内外近视相关的大量研究为基础,总结中小学生近视及危险因素的最新研究进展,以期为近视防控干预工作提供思路和科学依据。     

国境口岸医学媒介生物入侵的形势和管理策略

[目的]控制外来媒介生物的入侵,防止媒介生物性疾病的传播,保障我国的卫生安全。[方法]对国境口岸医学媒介生物入侵的形势和途径进行分析。[结果]全球100种最具威胁的外来生物中,入侵我国的有50余种,外来人侵物种每年对中国造成的经济损失约1 198．76亿元。2005年国境口岸卫生检疫机构共截获入境医学媒介生物1．5亿只,其入境载体主要是交通工具、货物和集装箱。目前我国法定的传染病有36种,其中鼠疫、肾综合征出血热等13种疾病为媒介生物性疾病。[结论]卫生检疫机构防范媒介生物入侵的策略应包括：法规与宣传,技术力量建设与储备、信息数据库建设、预警机制的建立和预防措施的实施。     

家兔颈腰肌长期受力下电阻抗和生物指标变化规律研究

目的:研究颈、腰部长期受力固定姿势过程中相关生物学指标和生物电阻抗特性指标的变化规律。方法:将家兔颈、腰部强迫受力并保持每天固定姿势4 h,实验共进行9周,每周一、周五检测生化指标肌酸激酶和乳酸脱氢酶,每周五测量家兔颈、腰、腿3个部位的电阻抗特性,每3周拍摄一组家兔X射线片,并对家兔颈、腰、腿部肌肉做HE染色,观察肌肉细胞形态变化。结果:随着颈、腰部持续受力和保持固定姿势时间的延长,家兔颈部和腰部电阻抗均增加。综合生物学和影像学指标变化,验证了颈、腰部电阻抗值的变化与内部肌肉变性、增生和坏死有关。结论:明确了颈、腰肌肉损伤发展过程中电阻抗与颈腰肌组织形态和相关酶活性间的关系,为研究通过电阻抗特性预测颈、腰部肌肉痛奠定了生物学基础。     

乙醇染毒对果蝇寿命及某些生化指标的影响

目的探讨不同浓度乙醇对果蝇寿命以及果蝇体内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)活力、以及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。方法收集8小时内羽化未交配雌雄果蝇7200只,雌雄各半。取其中2400只,随机分为6组,每组雌雄果蝇各200只,给予不同浓度乙醇染毒,每4天更换1次培养基,每天记录死亡数,用生存实验检测乙醇对果蝇寿命的影响。另取4800只,随机分为4组,每组雌雄各600只,给予含不同浓度乙醇的培养基喂养,分别于喂养0天、10天、20天和30天测定SOD和GSH-Px活力,同时检测MDA的含量。结果随着乙醇剂量的增加,雌雄果蝇的寿命均呈下降趋势,高剂量乙醇染毒组果蝇寿命显著降低(P<0.05)。在相同染毒剂量下,随着染毒时间的增加,果蝇体内SOD、GSH-Px活性逐渐降低,MDA含量逐渐升高;当染毒20天和30天时,90mmol/L、270mmol/L剂量组SOD、GSH-Px活性及MDA含量与对照组相比差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论乙醇暴露能降低果蝇寿命,并导致果蝇体内SOD和GSH-Px活力的降低和MDA含量的增高。     

深圳市区域医疗卫生指标数据规范研究与实现

目的开展数据质量项目,实现深圳市区域医疗卫生统计指标的规范化和采集的信息化,保证数据的准确性、完整性、及时性和一致性。方法采用系统论和控制论的方法对医疗卫生统计指标的数据源头和采集流程进行规范化研究。结果规范了53项门急诊、住院重点医疗卫生统计指标的含义、统计口径、统计算法、运算脚本,经过测试与校验,制定与发布了标准文件《医疗卫生统计指标数据规范》。利用信息化的手段,实现了全市公立医院53项指标数据采集的信息化、运算的标准化和结果的同一化。结论深圳市区域卫生统计指标数据规范的研究与实现,保证了医院端与中心平台端统计结果的一致性,提升数据质量,对卫生行业标准的实施提供技术保障,实现医疗数据信息的价值利用最大化。     

Access to and use of NHS Patient Advice and Liaison Service (PALS): the views of children, young people, parents and PALS staff

Background The English National Health Service Patient Advice and Liaison Service (PALS) was set up to provide patients and their relatives with a way of obtaining information or expressing concerns about their health care. This study examined children's, young people's and parents' access to and use of PALS, and how this could be improved. Methods Qualitative and quantitative methods were used to obtain the views of children, young people, parents and PALS staff, on the inclusiveness of the service. These methods included discussion groups and interviews with 30 young people and 16 parents; a postal survey of PALS users, to which 171 (21%) parents responded; and telephone interviews with 14 PALS staff. The data were analysed using qualitative and quantitative methods, and the views of participants on key topics were examined. Results Children and young people were found to be low users of PALS, but thought that the service was potentially useful. They and parents and PALS staff all highlighted ways in which access to and use of the service could be improved. Participants' views on the following topics are reported: awareness of PALS existence and role; access to and use of PALS; effectiveness of and satisfaction with PALS; and training of staff. Conclusions and recommendations Patient Advice and Liaison Service has not been designed and developed in ways that are fully inclusive of children, young people and parents. Based on their views and experiences, and the suggestions of PALS staff, the authors recommend that access to and use of the service could be improved, increasing awareness of PALS, facilitating access to and use of the service, providing training for PALS staff on dealing with young people and their issues, and developing links between PALS and other organizations that deal with young people and parents.     

锌对体外培养小鼠胎鼠前肢骨发育的影响

目的 研究锌对骨发育的影响。方法 用一次通气旋转装置,在缺锌的基础培养基和分别加入45、70和120μmol／LZn^2 的培养基中对16d孕龄胎鼠前肢进行培养。结果 培养基中缺锌和在培养基中补充Zn^2 至Zn^2 浓度120μmol／L时,骨组织中骨钙素(OC)和^45Ca含量减少,碱性磷酸酶(AKP))活性显著降低;当在培养基中补充Zn^2 至Zn^2 浓度45、70μmol/L时OC合成量、骨组织对钙的吸收及AKP活性显著增加。培养液中缺锌及锌浓度为120μmol／L时,X线显示,长骨长度和密度与其自身对照相比,长骨长度较短,骨密度降低;当培养液中Zn^2 浓度分别为45和70μmol／L时,与其自身对照相比,长骨长度及其骨密度有所增加。组织学分析显示,培养液中缺锌及锌浓度为120μmol／L时,镜下可见骨细胞死亡,基质丢失;当培养液中Zn^2 浓度分别为45和70μmol／L时,骨细胞增殖、分化活跃,类骨质的分泌与合成增加。结论 适量补锌能促进骨组织形成及发育,锌缺乏或过量时均可影响骨组织正常生长发育及代谢。     

儿童全血锌铁钙铅检测结果及相关因素分析

目的:了解该市儿童锌、铁、钙、铅体内含量现状,指导临床合理使用营养补充品和排铅品。方法:对门诊健康体检和营养咨询的238名儿童进行血锌、铁、钙、铅4种元素检测并统计分析。结果:238名儿童中锌、铁、钙均有不同程度的低标人群,其中锌低标人群比例最高,占73.1%,P<0.05,铁和钙低标儿童仅有16.0%和22.7%。锌和铁的低标人群均以7岁以下年龄组较高,P<0.05,铁有15.1%的人群超标;钙低标人群以0~3岁组比例较高,P<0.05;铅中毒儿童占46.2%;铅中毒与锌缺乏率有明显相关性,与铁和钙缺乏率无明显相关性。结论:儿童锌、铁、钙均有不同程度低标人群,锌缺乏和铅中毒的流行率较高,服用锌、铁、钙补充品应参照膳食结构和体内元素含量,不可盲目补充,同时应防治铅中毒。     

2011年甘肃省碘缺乏病监测健康教育效果评价

目的 调查和评估甘肃省碘缺乏病健康教育工作效果,为适时采取针对性防治措施和调整干预策略提供依据.方法 全省PPS抽取30个县,共调查1 815人,其中小学生912人,家庭主妇903人.结果 学生和家庭主妇的防治知晓率分别为62.2%和71.4%、及格率分别为67.8%和84.6%;＂人体缺碘的主要危害＂、＂预防缺碘最好的方法＂、＂市场袋装盐的碘盐图案＂学生和家庭主妇的知晓率分别为76.4%和85.1%、66.2%和83.3%、88.3%和82.6%,女生和男生的知晓率分别为77.1%和75.8%、68.0%和64.5%、87.3%和89.2%;学生和家庭主妇获得碘缺乏病知识的主要来源是学校和医生;项目县主动向父母讲述碘缺乏病知识的学生比例最高为100.0%,最低只有3.1%;不同文化程度家庭主妇知识及格率、平均分具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,不同职业家庭主妇知识平均分有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.结论 经过近几年的努力,我省碘缺乏病健康教育工作取得了一定成绩,但仍存在薄弱环节,应进一步加强学校和家庭主妇健康教育工作,充分发挥学生和家庭主妇在碘缺乏病防治中的作用.     

辽吉两省传染性疾病与感染信息动态变化趋势比较分析

目的分析比较辽吉两省传染性疾病与感染的信息发布有效程度,并尝试量化比较传染性疾病与感染信息发布有效程度的可行性,为传染病防控工作提供参考。方法对辽吉两省传染性疾病与感染相关数据进行趋势变化统计分析,对辽吉两省各方总体识别公众需要信息的及时程度与传染病发病率进行相关与回归分析。结果辽吉两省各方识别公众需要信息的及时程度逐年上升,辽宁省从2007年的18. 90%上升至2016年的24. 80%,吉林省从2007年的6. 30%上升至2016年的25. 40%,吉林与辽宁两省各方总体识别公众需要的及时程度与传染病发病率均呈负相关。结论传染病与感染相关信息监测与及时发布是采取有效公共卫生防控措施的基础,虽然辽吉两省传染性疾病与感染信息发布有效性逐步提高,但两省传染性疾病与感染信息监测有效性仍有待提升。采用量化指标评价一个国家(地区)传染性疾病与感染信息发布有效程度是可行的,可推广到其他地区和公共卫生领域。     

武汉地区新冠肺炎定点医院医院感染防控工作的实践策略

目的分享在武汉新冠肺炎定点医院降低新型冠状病毒传播风险的工作策略。方法总结分析在开展新型冠状病毒医院感染防控工作中,制定并执行的方案、措施和流程的可操作性及科学性。结果构建应急时期的院感防控组织管理体系和制度体系,规范在病例识别和管理流程中伴随的隔离布局,通过执行标准预防以及呼吸道传染病预防措施,充分保障医务人员职业健康安全是疫情防控攻坚阶段的三个必要环节。结论目前疫情应对进入最吃紧的关键时期,做好院内感染防控对提高收治率和治愈率、降低新发医院感染发病率和疾病病死率具有重要意义。     

中国艾滋病抗病毒治疗药品采购供应现状分析

目的分析我国艾滋病抗病毒治疗药品采购供应现状,为改善抗病毒药品可及性提出相应建议。方法回顾有关历史及现状,结合艾滋病抗病毒治疗特点,总结艾滋病抗病毒药品采购供应工作的特点及现存问题。结果艾滋病抗病毒治疗具有长期性、复杂性和不可预期性,药品种类及生产商均有限,各类药品短期需求量存在不确定性,药品采购的可选择范围也较小。目前我国艾滋病抗病毒药品采购供应存在采购环节多、周期长,药品品种变更可能影响病人服药依从性等问题,不能满足艾滋病治疗现况需求。结论建立高效的药品供应协调机制,缩短采购周期;改进招标方式,延长招标覆盖时间,体现政府采购导向作用;建立药品储备,应对药品紧急需求。     

Foods and diseases.

An examination was made of the statistical correlations between the main foodstuff and nutrient intakes and the chief causes of mortality in 20 different countries, comprising 17 in Europe, and Canada, USA, and Japan. Subsidiary examinations were made of the effects of including and excluding Japan, and of the effects of various statistical standardisation procedures. Complex food patterns were identified and related both to geographical latitude and to levels of affluence; these, in turn, were related to complex patterns of mortality. Criteria for drawing special attention to specific associations were identified, based partly on statistical significance tests and also on strength-of-association yardsticks supplied by diseases with known causes. Findings suggesting causal interpretations were: (a) alcohol intakes and cirrhosis of the liver, cancer of the mouth, and cancer of the larynx; (b) total fat intakes and multiple sclerosis, cancer of the large intestine, and cancer of the breast; and (c) beer and cancer of the rectum.     

The Innervation of Teeth: (Section of Odontology)

The author, using the staining methods of Bielschowski, Gross, Beckwith, Weigert-Pal and Cajal in frozen and serial paraffin and celloidin sections, has investigated the dental innervations of man, monkey, dog, cat, and guinea-pig in health and disease. He discusses the anatomy and physiology of the dental innervation and the effect of section of the inferior dental nerve on the trophic, vasomotor, protective, and sensory functions, with special reference to the relation between dental disease and neuropathies. He describes the innervation of the tooth germ and the nature of the growing fibrils seen before calcification in the dentinal papilla and draws attention to the innervation of the periodontal membrane. He has found that these nerves anastomose across the crest of the interdental septa with their fellows and demonstrates coiled sub-cemental nerve-endings. He has been unable to find any difference in the eruption and casting of teeth after section of the inferior dental nerve, and does not find degeneration of the nerves of deciduous teeth prior to casting to be inevitable. He discusses the effect of local anæsthesia on the dental pulp, some of the causes of odontalgia and neuralgia and the effect of old age and general disease on the dental innervation. He has failed with lethal or continued sublethal doses of ethyl and methyl alcohol, lead or tetanus and diphtheria toxins, using the oral, gastric, subcutaneous and intravenous route, to produce dental neuronic change. The effects of fracture of teeth and jaws, the introduction of arsenic into the pulp chamber and amputation and extirpation of the pulp are examined. The vital resistance of the pulp and the significance of granulomata as a protective mechanism are discussed. The author has found that after extraction although there is at first degeneration of the nerve-fibres concerned, there may subsequently be regeneration, sometimes in the form of plexiform neuroma. He has produced degenerative changes in both the nerves and the Gasserian ganglia on both the operated and unoperated sides by the introduction of tetanus and diphtheria toxins into extraction sockets, where the neuronic involvement is proportionate to the degree of trauma with which the extraction is effected. The rôle of innervation in tooth movement during eruption and orthodontic correction, and after the extraction of anterior teeth, has been investigated, the latter by roentgencinematography.     

达州市妇幼卫生改革30年回顾

30年的卫生改革引领妇幼卫生改革如火如荼。四川省达州市在妇幼卫生基础条件薄弱、服务技术落后、妇女儿童健康水平低下的环境下,依靠政府政策和投入,大胆探索实践。改革探索阶段：恢复机构建设,组织人员培训,开展健康教育,拓展服务市场;改革深化阶段：贯彻落实法规,创建“爱婴医院”和等级妇幼保健院,认真实施妇幼卫生合作项目;改革转折调整阶段：加强妇幼公共卫生体系建设,结合农村新农舍和城市社区服务拓宽服务领域。使妇幼卫生事业较快发展,并获得了成功的基本经验,值得认真总结与回顾。     

PICC置管堵管原因分析及护理对策

目的探讨PICC置管后导管发生堵塞的原因及护理对策。方法选取我院需长期进行输液及反复静脉穿刺不耐受需置PICC管患者29例及外院带入PICC置管患者39例。随机分组为A组与B组。对两组患者堵管原因进行分析总结并采取相应措施。A组34例患者给予常规护理干预,对护理人员进行一般培训;B组34例患者给予护理干预并对护理人员进行堵管知识及技能操作培训。比较两组患者护理后导管堵塞人数并对导管堵塞原因进行分析,提出护理对策等。结果 A组患者堵管总人数显著多于B组。堵管原因主要为封管冲管方式错误,血液返流以及机械性堵管;B组经教育及护理干预后发生导管堵塞人数显著少于A组(p<0.05)。结论对护士进行相关知识培训及操作指导,提高护理人员责任心及护理意识能够降低导管堵管发生率,有效减轻患者痛苦,从而优化护理。     

Haematuria and proteinuria during Schistosoma haematobium infection: relationship to intensity of infection and the value of chemical reagent strips for pre- and post-treatment diagnosis

The relationship of haematuria and proteinuria to intensity of Schistosoma haematobium infection, the possibility of using haematuria and proteinuria for diagnosing S. haematobium infection, and the value of haematuria and proteinuria in assessing chemotherapeutic efficacy after treatment with praziquantel were studied in 235 male and female schoolchildren, 9-to 14-year old. A correlation was found between both severity of dipstick proteinuria/haematuria and frequency of visible haematuria, and intensity of S. haematobium infection. Haematuria and proteinuria proved reasonably sensitive indicators of urinary schistosomiasis (78% and 86% respectively) and both techniques detected all heavy infections (over 64 eggs/10 ml urine), but haematuria was considered the overall better indicator due to its greater specificity before (83% vs 64%) and after (78% vs 67%) treatment. The presence of visible haematuria detected 19% of all infected children and two-thirds of those passing more than 64 eggs/10 ml urine, and can provide a useful saving of time and the use of reagent strips. Comparison of the results with those obtained elsewhere confirmed regional differences in the intensity of infection inducing specific levels of haematuria/proteinuria and in the sensitivity and specificity of urinary blood and protein as indicators of infection.     

2004-2017年云桂甲乙类传染病领域计划与评价机制可落实程度分析

目的分析云南、广西两地主要部门(机构)甲乙类传染病计划与评价机制可落实情况及其差异的可信度,检验基于文献研究视角评价工作落实情况的可行性。方法收集1987-2017年所有涉及云南、广西两地主要部门(机构)对甲乙类传染病领域工作落实程度评价的政策文件,采用文献计量分析方法,从政策文件中分析主要部门对甲乙类传染病防控任务的关注度,以此对工作落实程度进行评价(0分表示文件集中没有相应指标,1分表示文件集中提到该指标)。运用Spearman相关性分析工作任务可落实程度与甲乙类传染病发病率间的关系。结果云南的甲乙类传染病发病率2004-2011年呈先上升后下降的趋势,2011年后基本呈缓慢上升趋势。云南省中长期目标及评价体系的可落实程度总体呈上升趋势;广西的甲乙类传染病发病率2004-2011年呈缓慢上升趋势,在2011年达到了发病率的最高值356.13/10万,2011年后总体呈下降趋势。其中长期目标及其评价体系的可落实程度总体呈上升趋势,2004-2011年上升幅度较为缓慢,2014年后大幅度上升。两地甲乙类传染病发病率与工作任务可落实程度之间呈现负相关(相关系数均大于0.5)。结论云桂两地支撑部门在传染病领域的职责明确程度有待加强;云南省在传染病领域评价指标对主要部门的覆盖程度低于广西,且云南省计划与评价机制可落实程度对健康结果的促进作用较广西地区更为明显;基于政策文件分析视角对传染病计划与评价机制可落实程度的量化是可行的。     

北京和南京两地血压正常高值流行病学分析

目的应用调查问卷和体检的方式对北京和南京两地居民血压正常高值的流行病学特征及相关危险因素进行分析,为高血压病的早期预防提供依据。方法应用调查问卷的形式在北京和南京两地选择有代表性的城市社区和农村自然村的35~70岁的人群作为研究对象进行横断面调查,共调查10 710人（其中男性4370人,女性6340人）。应用Logistic法分析相关危险因素与正常高值血压的相关性。结果北京和南京地区35~70岁居民的血压正常高值粗率为36.4%,高血压患病粗率为41.7%。标化后正常高值检出率,男女分别为39.31%和35.85%,北京和南京分别为36.81%和37.70%,城市和农村分别为35.65%和37.38%。随着年龄的增长,血压正常高值率呈下降趋势而高血压患病率呈上升趋势（P〈0.01）。多因素分析结果显示,男性、年龄的增长、肥胖是血压正常高值的危险因素。结论北京和南京地区居民的正常高值检出率很高并与多种危险因素相关,应改善生活方式降低正常高值的发病率。