2-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶和3-三氟甲基吡啶的制备

研究了以3-甲基吡啶、氟化氢和氯气为原料在流化床反应器中一步法气相氯氟化反应制备2-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶和3-三氟甲基吡啶的工艺,并对催化剂进行了筛选和考评,发现CrO-Al、CrCl-Al的活性较佳。以CrO-Al为催化剂,空速为288 h^-1,温度为300℃时,2-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶和3-三氟甲基吡啶的总收率最高,为66.6%,且失活催化剂在350℃,氮气和空气的体积比为1:1的混合气体下再生后,其催化活性基本可以恢复,2-氯-5-三氟甲基吡啶和3-三氟甲基吡啶的总收率均保持在66%左右。根据实验结果提出了反应机理和结焦机理。对催化剂进行了BET、TG和NH₃-TPD表征,发现催化剂失活的主要原因是积炭覆盖了催化剂表面以及孔道,使催化剂强酸中心大量减少所致。     

基于催化氨化反应由生物质基小分子合成腈类和吡啶碱

基于催化氨化反应以生物质基小分子合成腈类、吡啶碱等含氮化学品，不但可减少生产此类产品对化石资源的依赖，还可促进生物质基小分子产业的可持续发展。本文结合本文作者课题组的研究成果总结了近年来在乙醇、甘油催化氨化合成腈类、吡啶碱的最新研究进展。其中，乙醇可高收率地生产乙腈，也可在脱氢、适宜酸性催化剂催化下生成吡啶碱。甘油在适宜催化剂上既可以通过一步法也可以通过两步法转化为腈类和吡啶碱，其中催化剂适宜的酸性、较强的加氢-脱氢性能以及较大的比表面是决定生成何种目标产物的关键。采用两步法比一步法由甘油合成腈类和吡啶碱的收率明显提高。发现催化剂在使用中逐渐失活，而催化剂失活主要是由于亚胺中间体在催化剂酸中心的不可逆吸附，从而生成积炭所致。失活催化剂经高温有氧煅烧去除积炭可恢复其大部分活性。     

反应时间对醛氨缩合催化剂Co-ZSM-5分子筛上积炭的影响

本文在研究反应时间对醛氨缩合催化剂Co-ZSM-5分子筛比表面积、孔体积、平均孔径及积炭量的影响中发现，Co-ZSM-5分子筛催化剂的失活过程经历四个阶段：高水平活性稳定期、活性衰退期、低水平活性稳定期和二次活性衰退期四个阶段。在最优反应条件下，Co-ZSM-5分子筛催化剂上烷基吡啶的收率可达85％(wt)以上，积炭量稳定在6％(wt)左右。     

四氢糠醇合成吡啶催化剂MoO_3-NiO/γ-Al_2O_3的失活和再生

采用新鲜的及再生的MoO_3-NiO/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂,催化生物质四氢糠醇合成吡啶,考察其催化性能的差异及催化剂失活的原因,并通过氮气物理吸附测试(BET)、元素分析仪(EA)、场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、场发射透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线衍射分析仪(XRD)、激光拉曼光谱仪(LRS)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)、热重分析仪(TG)以及吡啶原位红外吸收光谱仪(PY-IR)对失活催化剂进行表征分析。发现失活催化剂有两种形态的碳,即无定形碳和石墨化碳,催化剂失活的原因不是活性组分的变化或流失,而是由积碳引起的。积碳堵塞了催化剂的孔道和比表面积,并且覆盖了活性组分以及酸性位,降低了活性位点的有效利用率。针对催化失活,尝试了在线燃烧的方法使失活催化剂在空气中再生,发现再生后的催化剂与新鲜催化剂的催化活性基本一致,并且也可以保持50 h内吡啶收率大于80%。     

Co-ZSM-5分子筛催化合成烷基吡啶

Co-ZSM-5分子筛催化剂是一种具有较强催化活性的醛氨缩合催化剂，具有反应条件温和、择形选择性高和副产物较少等优点。研究了在Co-ZSM-5分子筛催化剂上的醛氨缩合反应，考察了反应温度、催化剂用量、原料配比（甲醛/乙醛，摩尔比）、n值（氨/原料，摩尔比）、反应时间以及催化剂使用次数等因素对醛氨缩合反应的影响，系统地研究了醛氨缩合反应的规律，优化了反应条件。研究发现Co-ZSM-5分子筛催化剂的失活过程经历四个阶段：高水平活性稳定期、活性衰退期、低水平活性稳定期和二次活性衰退期四个阶段。升高温度、增大催化剂用量、一定的原料配比和n值、延长反应时间均对提高醛氨缩合反应性能有积极的影响。在温度450 ℃、常压、原料配比为2/3、n值为2和反应时间1～2 h的条件下，反应对烷基吡啶的选择性较高，烷基吡啶的产率可达85％以上。     

催化氧化法制备2-氯-5-甲基吡啶-N-氧化物

摘要评价了直接氧化法和催化氧化法制备2-氯-5-甲基吡啶-N-氧化物的优缺点，并研究了在不同催化剂下2-氯-5-甲基吡啶-N-氧化物的制备。当2-氯-5-甲基吡啶：H2SO4(98％)：冰醋酸：过氧化氢=1：0．3：1．6：1.5(摩尔比)时，收率为88．1％。     

ZSM-5分子筛酸性和晶体大小对醛氨缩合合成吡啶碱的影响

针对Chichibabin醛氨缩合合成吡啶碱,用离子交换法制备具有相同酸性位类型,但Br?nsted(B)酸量不同的ZSM-5催化剂,并选择硅铝比接近但晶粒大小不同的H-ZSM-5分子筛,以及与ZSM-5具有相同MFI晶体结构的TS-1分子筛进行催化性能的比较。探讨了ZSM-5分子筛催化剂酸性、酸量和晶粒大小对反应活性、吡啶碱选择性和收率以及催化剂稳定性的影响。结果表明B酸位是进行醛氨缩合反应合成吡啶碱不可缺少的活性位,但酸强度较弱的末端硅羟基B酸位合成吡啶碱的活性较低;催化剂B酸含量越大,其进行醛氨缩合反应的初始活性和吡啶碱收率越高,催化剂失活越慢;小晶粒分子筛的初始活性、稳定性优于大晶粒分子筛,但合成吡啶碱的选择性和初始收率较低,这主要是因为与大晶粒分子筛相比,小晶粒分子筛具有更多的活性中心,特别是外表面活性中心,和相对较短的分子筛孔道。     

2-甲基吡啶的合成工艺研究

以Fe-Mn/ZSM-5分子筛为催化剂,固定床为反应器,采用吡啶与甲醇合成2-甲基吡啶.系统地考查了Fe含量、Mn含量、催化剂用量、原材料摩尔比、反应温度对2-甲基吡啶吸收率的影响,筛选出合适的反应条件.反应的最优条件为Fe含量1.2％,Mn含量0.8％,反应温度350℃,催化剂用量5％,吡啶∶甲醇=1∶1.3,此时2-甲基吡啶的收率达93％以上.该工艺操作简单,安全性高,收率高,适合工业化生产.     

五氯吡啶的合成研究

以吡啶为原料，氯气为氯化剂，通过固定床催化反应合成了五氯吡啶。为此，在分析反应机理的基础上，分别以第Ⅱ、Ⅷ和IB族的金属盐类或其混合物为活性成分制备了一系列催化剂，并在493-663K、空速200—1200hr^-1、吡啶/氯气摩尔比(R)1：6—1：12范围内，对上述各催化剂性能进行考察。结果表明，Ba、Ca、La、Rh等金属的盐类混合物对本反应有较高的活性，收率高达95％，纯度96％(GC)。同时还获得了针对该催化剂适宜的工艺参数：温度590-650K，空速600-800hr^-1，R为8．5。     

管式反应器连续化合成3,5,6-三氯吡啶-2-醇钠工艺研究

以2,3,5,6-四氯吡啶为原料,采用管式反应器在水中与氢氧化钠水解合成3,5,6-三氯吡啶-2-醇钠,并对工艺进行了优化,四氯吡啶与2.2倍氢氧化钠在4倍溶剂水用量下,停留时间8 min,在140℃下连续反应,四氯吡啶转化率100%,产物收率98.0%。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。