利用综合医院门诊病例数据开展呼吸道疾病症候群监测的探讨

目的 了解综合医院门诊呼吸道症候群信息的来源与构成,描述不同呼吸道症候群的分布特征与相互关系;探讨呼吸道症候群数据应用于呼吸道疾病暴发、流行预警监测的可行性.方法 回顾性调查广州市某综合医院的信息系统(HIS)资料,对门诊病例信息进行症候群分类;比较不同呼吸道症候群数据的时间分布,选择与流感样病例(ILI)有相似趋势的数据,通过交叉相关分析探讨其应用于呼吸道疾病预警监测的意义.结果 门诊主要呼吸道症候群包括上呼吸道感染(51.20%)、气管/支气管感染(18.80%)、哮喘(17.52%)等,肺部感染仅占2.26%.上呼吸道感染、气管/支气管炎、肺部感染、咳嗽、哮喘等症候群以及门诊X线检查例数、肺炎/急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)表现病例数的时间分布趋势类似,均存在两个季节高峰.对1～28周数据进行时间交叉相关分析,显示肺部感染与前移4周的ILI相关性最佳(r=0.739,P＜0.01),上呼吸道感染与前移5周的ILI相关性最佳(r=0.714,P＜0.01);X线检查例数及肺炎/ARDS表现病例数均与前移1周的ILI相关性最佳(r=0.858,P＜0.001;r=0.821,P＜0.001).结论 HIS中的门诊病例信息可应用于流感等呼吸道传染病的症候群预警监测.门诊肺部感染数据具有良好的特异性与及时性,可作为首选预警症候群资料;上呼吸道感染、咳嗽数据的意义次之;X线检查及肺炎/ARDS表现病例数据的监测及时性稍差,但特异性较好,可辅助预警监测.     

2005-2010年无锡市发热呼吸道早期预警症状监测数据分析及评价

目的 监测和分析无锡市传染性非典型肺炎(SARS)预警数据及流感样病例2个发热呼吸道症状监测系统的流行病学特征和病原学特征,建立无锡市发热呼吸道监测预警限值,评价监测系统在流感暴发流行中的早期预警效果.方法 对2005-2010年无锡市SARS预警数据及流感样病例监测数据进行分析,采用指数加权移动平均(EWMA)法建立预警上限值,分析其对流感暴发流行早期预警的效果.结果 流感样病例(ILI)监测数据和SARS预警监测数据即急性(发热)呼吸道疾病(ARI)显示2个监测数据均有3个明显的高峰,分别是2006年第11 ～ 14周、2009年第33 ～ 36周和2009年第46～48周,两条移动平均线趋势基本一致;病原学监测显示每年的流感病毒分离阳性率高峰与ILI和ARI高峰期相吻合,2006年主要是B型的暴发流行和A(H1N1)亚型的散发为主,而2009年8、9月份出现4种毒株共同检出的现象,但逐渐被新出现的甲型H1N1毒株代替.EWMA预警结果显示,ARI和ILI 2种监测数据在2005年第47周、2006年第11 ～13周、2009年第11周、33 ～34周、36周、46周均出现预警,这与无锡市2005-2010年期间流感暴发疫情监测情况一致.结论2个监测系统同时出现的预警信号和实际流感暴发疫情基本吻合,利用EWMA法对多种监测数据进行预警分析比对单种监测数据进行预警更加科学和可靠,在流行时间上更为准确.     

世博期间上海市浦东新区医疗机构症状监测系统的建立与结果分析

目的 以2010年上海世界博览会卫生保障为背景,以医疗机构为数据源,探讨建立浦东新区传染病症状监测系统和早期预警的方法.方法 依托医院信息系统(hospital information system,HIS)嵌入模块,采集上海市浦东新区21家医院就诊患者的相关症状,通过浦东新区卫生信息网导入症状监测系统数据库进行资料分析;并采用累积和预警模型和绝对值预警方法探测报告数异常情况.结果 2010年5月1日～10月31日期间,监测目标病例共计105352例,以发热呼吸道和腹泻症候群最为常见,东方医院和浦东新区人民医院报告病例数最多.监测期内系统总共发出191条预警信号,信号数最多的是发热呼吸道和腹泻症候群,最少的是中枢神经系统症候群,信号强度以1级为主.结论 笔者等成功建立了浦东新区医疗机构传染病症状监测系统,并在2010年上海世界博览会期间成功应用.     

深圳市龙岗区流行性感冒监测系统评价

目的 评估龙岗区现有流感监测系统的运作情况及其监测质量.方法 将国家疾病预防控制信息系统、深圳市疾病控制信息管理系统和深圳市学生健康监测信息系统中龙岗区2011年1月～2013年7月的流感监测数据整理为数据库,从系统的代表性、真实性、稳定性、时效性等方面评估龙岗区现有流感监测系统的运转情况.结果 龙岗区现有流感监测数据由综合医院、社康中心、学校的症状监测数据和病原学监测数据组成,龙岗区和深圳市流感样病例占门诊病例总数的百分比(ILI％)的流行趋势高度一致(r =0.83,P＜0.001),哨点医院报告的ILI％和病毒核酸检出率高度相关(r=0.71,P=0.001),学生健康监测信息系统发现流感暴发疫情的时间相对较深圳市暴发疫情系统较早(中位数为1d);在剔除寒暑假数据的影响后,哨点医院和学校监测点流感样病例鼻咽拭子标本的阳性检出率高度相关(r =0.86,P＜0.001).结论 龙岗区流感监测系统的数据具有较好的代表性和较高的稳定性,监测数据基本可靠,但受系统收集信息的制约,难以发现流感的暴发和流行,现有流感监测系统有待于进一步完善.     

大型活动就诊异常情况监测预警系统的建立及在上海世博保障中的实践

[目的]建立中国2010年上海世博会（简称“上海世博会”）园区内就诊异常情况报告和预警系统（简称“就诊监测报告系统”）,探讨症状监测在大型活动保障中发挥的作用。[方法]通过风险评估和专家咨询的方法建立上海世博会就诊监测报告系统。在2010年5月1日至2010年10月31日期间,通过该信息系统收集流感样症候群、胃肠道症候群、发热伴皮疹症候群、发热伴出血症候群、中枢神经系统症候群和黄疸样症候群共6个症候群指标。[结果]2010年5月1日至2010年10月31日,就诊监测报告系统运行良好,园区内未发现传染病爆发和流行。[结论]就诊监测报告系统在上海世博会期间成功建立并正常运行,对上海世博会期间园区内传染病预防控制及突发事件早期预警防控起到了积极的作用。     

症状监测在突发事件中的应用

目的 评价症状监测系统在传染病监测中的效果.方法 数据收集通过临时安置点医务室医生使用的"接诊登记表",数据日分析、解释、分发由当地CDC受指派医务人员执行,监测到的数据按症候群分成4类,包括呼吸道症候群(咳嗽、咽痛、流涕),消化道症候群(每日腹泻次数、恶心、呕吐),发热症候群(体温≥37.3℃)和其他症候群(头昏、头痛、乏力及其他症状),疑似病例进行实验室确诊.结果 总计人群中有7566(73%)就诊人次,共识别了44%呼吸道症候群,9%消化道症候群,1%发热症候群,46%其他症候群.21%(1578/7566)的就诊者是60岁及以上的老年人.男女性别比为0.76:1.呼吸道、消化道、发热症候群总计4380组,就诊高峰发生在2006年3月30日和4月3日.报告一例疑似麻疹病例,经血样检测后排除麻疹,避免了大面积接种麻疹疫苗.共发现71例发热患者,其中高热患者8例(体温≥39℃).报告一起疑似急性出血性结膜炎爆发,全部21例病例进行了流行病学调查后证实是硫化氢引起的急性眼刺激征.结论 症状监测有助于监测传染病病例,能迅速显示症候群消长趋势,实施成本低廉,在突发事件中实施有效可行,对类似的事件有实际应用价值.     

学校因病缺课监测对传染病防控的预警效果

评价因病缺课系统在学校传染病防控中的预警作用,为学校传染病防控工作提供参考依据.方法 对2012-2017学年上海市松江区新桥镇内所有8所中小学校的因病缺课监测数据进行分析,并与同期国家疾病监测信息报告系统中的传染病数据进行比较,评估学校因病缺课监测系统上报传染病的时效性和准确性.结果 2012-2017学年,8所中小学校共报告因病缺勤人天数为13 587人天,人均因病缺课0.38 d,因病缺课率为0.21%.导致学生缺课的主要症状是发热(35.34%),病因主要归属为类呼吸道感染症状,占73.50%;其次是类肠道感染症状,占14.10%.同期的国家疾病监测信息报告系统中,8所中小学校共计发生传染病231例,其中204例在缺勤缺课监测系统中被提前监测并上报,占88.31%.204例病例中有69例(33.82%)缺课时间差中位数比国家传染病系统中的早3.67d,有103例(50.49%)晚1.23 d.节假日和上课日传染病报告情况差异有统计学意义(r=24.48,P<0.01).结论 因病缺课监测可为学校传染病防控工作发挥一定的预警作用.加强学生因病及早就医行为和家长报告意识,提高因病缺课上报及时率和准确率仍是关键.     

北京市丰台区流感样病例监测质量评估

目的评估北京市丰台区流感样病例(ILI)监测系统的运转情况及质量。方法通过开展专项调查及访谈,并对监测数据进行分析,对ILI监测系统的数据质量、可接受性、敏感性等基本属性进行评估。结果 81.91%的医务人员能准确说出ILI的完整病例定义;96.55%的监测单位诊室设置符合要求,且ILI数和门急诊病例就诊总数的收集来源一致;不同门诊ILI数的收集方式差异有统计学意义(P0.05);所有监测单位全年无漏报情况发生;访谈人员中,有94名(100%)医务人员认为病例定义简单易懂,27名(28.72%)医务人员认为监测增加了工作量,15名(15.96%)医务人员出现过错登误登的情况,88名(93.62%)医务人员认为监测工作可接受,88名(93.62%)医务人员认为监测工作防控意义大;哨点医院ILI%的时间分布与流感病毒分离阳性率(r=0.298,P0.05)及聚集疫情(r=0.446,P0.05)的时间分布基本一致。结论丰台区ILI监测系统有较好的可接受性、敏感性,系统的数据质量和可接受性需通过改进监测手段及加强培训来提高。     

2008—2010年天津市流行性感冒流行特征分析

目的了解2008年4月—2010年3月天津市流行性感冒(流感)流行特征。方法通过"中国流感监测信息系统"收集天津市国家级哨点医院流感样病例(ILI)监测数据及病原学检测结果进行分析。结果 2008年4月—2010年3月天津市国家级哨点医院上报ILI 483 941例,流感样病例占门诊病例比例(ILI%)为12.79%,病例以15岁以下儿童为主。共采集ILI咽拭子标本5 816例,分离出流感病毒1 393株,阳性率为26.86%。2008—2009年流感优势毒株为季H1,2009—2010年以甲型H1N1为主。结论 2009年甲型H1N1流感全球大流行,天津市流感流行高峰提前,且ILI发病数和病毒分离阳性率有所增多。天津市非监测期ILI%较高,需进一步开展非监测期ILI病原学监测。     

790例流行性感冒样病例临床特征分析

目的了解甲型H1N1流行性感冒(流感)(甲流)病例与其他流感样病例(Influenza-like Illness,ILI)的临床特征。方法以疫苗上市后10个县(区)监测点的在校师生作为监测对象,对2009年11月20日～2010年5月31日发生的ILI临床症状进行流行病学问卷调查。结果调查的790例ILI的主要症状为发热、咳嗽、咽痛。甲流患者的高热(>39.0℃)发生率高于其他ILI,两组发热率的差异有统计学意义(2=6.57,P=0.01)。甲流病例与其他ILI除发热外,其他临床特征基本相同,差异无统计学意义。男性各症状的发生率差异均无统计学意义;女性ILI中,甲流患者(14例)咽痛(2=4.17,P<0.05)、咳嗽/咳痰(2=4.40,P<0.05)的发生率高于其他ILI(164例),差异有统计学意义。不同年龄ILI中,甲流与其他ILI各症状发生率差异均无统计学意义。结论 ILI中,甲流患者与其他ILI的临床特征差别不大。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine in relation to surface temperatures

The risk of heat exhaustion at a deep underground metalliferous mine was assessed in relation to thermal conditions prevailing on the surface. For each day of a 1-year prospective case series of heat exhaustion, surface 24-h mean wet and dry bulb temperatures were recorded. From this data, 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperatures were derived using certain assumptions. The three surface temperature variables were significantly higher on those days on which heat exhaustion occurred, compared to those days on which it did not occur (P < 0.001). The relative risk of heat exhaustion on days when the 24-h mean wet bulb globe temperature was in the range 26.0-28.0 degrees C was 4.82 (95% confidence interval 2.12-10.96). Surface temperature data could be used at this mine to warn miners about the risk of heat exhaustion.