汽车用铝钢无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊接头组织及界面特征研究

随着轻量化技术的发展，镀锌钢板与铝合金等异种金属连接在现代汽车工业中的应用越来越多，回抽式无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊具有热输入低、焊缝晶粒细小、接头力学性能高等优点，在铝合金等轻金属焊接领域具有很大的优势。本工作使用回抽式搅拌摩擦点焊技术，成功实现了0.7 mm厚的镀锌钢板与2 mm厚的铝合金板的无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊连接。在不同的焊接转速下，对铝钢异种金属进行无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊实验研究，分析了无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊接头的剪切性能、断口形貌、各区微观组织、界面区特征及连接机理。研究结果表明，转速为1 200 r/min、压入量为0.2 mm、焊接时间为15 s时焊接接头最佳，具有最好的力学拉伸性能，断裂位置为热机影响区；通过扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱分析(EDS)对接头的微观形貌以及断口形貌进行观察分析发现，在搅拌区接头界面形成了约6μm厚的金属间化合物，为AlFe₃、Al₁₃Fe₄、AlFe；各位置处金属间化物的形貌与厚度不同，断裂方式为混合断裂机制，界面处的连接为机械结合和冶金结合两种接合方式。     

Zn对钢/铝异种金属搅拌摩擦焊接头界面组织及性能的影响

采用离子喷涂方法在钢侧喷涂厚度为0.4 mm的Zn粉,对厚度同为3 mm的6005A-T6铝合金与S420MC钢板进行搭接搅拌摩擦焊实验。采用金相显微镜(OM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和显微硬度等方法研究Zn对焊缝界面形貌、微观组织结构、力学性能及界面生长的影响。结果表明:无Zn层钢/铝接头和有Zn层钢/铝接头均在界面处形成了搅拌焊特有的"飞边",并延伸至铝基体中形成机械咬合接头,界面处均有AlFe,AlFe_3,Al_(13)Fe_4金属间化合物产生。有钢质颗粒弥散分布在无Zn层的钢/铝接头的铝基体中。Zn的添加降低了界面反应层厚度,钢/铝搅拌摩擦焊界面结合方式为"机械+冶金"。接头断裂位置均在界面处,无Zn层钢/铝断裂接头为典型的"韧-脆"混合型断裂,有Zn层钢/铝接头为韧性断裂。最高显微硬度值从无Zn层接头的388HV降低到有Zn层接头的210HV。     

铝/钢异种材料搅拌摩擦焊研究进展

由于铝、钢的物理化学性质存在巨大差异,铝/钢的连接是焊接领域的难点问题。搅拌摩擦焊是低热输入的固态连接方法,能够有效控制铝/钢金属间化合物的生长,且搅拌针强烈的搅拌作用可增加铝/钢异种材料机械咬合程度,得到高质量的铝/钢焊接接头,铝/钢搅拌摩擦焊已经成为了焊接领域的热点问题。文中综述了铝/钢搅拌摩擦焊国内外研究现状,涉及到接头形式、焊缝成形、焊接工艺和力学性能,着重介绍了铝/钢搅拌摩擦焊接头的连接机制,并围绕铝/钢搅拌摩擦焊存在的两大问题,对铝/钢搅拌摩擦焊新技术进行总结,并进一步提出了铝/钢搅拌摩擦焊的基础研究方向。     

水下搅拌摩擦焊对铝/铜接头组织与性能的影响

目的 采用搅拌摩擦焊,对比分析大气环境和水下环境下铝/铜接头的组织与性能,以期获得力学性能更优异的铝/铜焊接接头。方法 利用搅拌摩擦焊,在焊接速度为40 mm/min、旋转速度为1 000 r/min的条件下,分别在大气环境和水下环境下对厚度为9 mm的6061铝合金板和T2纯铜板进行焊接。然后,对铝/铜界面、焊核区进行扫描电镜及能谱分析,并对铝/铜界面及焊核区进行物相分析,确定产物相组成。最后,对铝/铜试样进行拉伸及硬度检测。结果 铝/铜接头均无裂纹、气孔等缺陷。铜颗粒弥散分布在焊核区,铝/铜界面形成金属间化合物层。水下搅拌摩擦焊下界面元素扩散距离明显变短,且金属间化合物厚度更薄。铝/铜接头的金属间化合物为AlCu和Al4Cu9。大气环境焊接下接头的抗拉强度为130.6 MPa,断裂方式为脆性断裂;水下焊接下接头的抗拉强度为199.5 MPa,断裂方式为韧性断裂。水下环境下的接头硬度值更高,其中热影响区的硬度最低值约为65HV。结论 水下搅拌摩擦焊铝/铜接头无裂纹、气孔等缺陷。组织上,水下搅拌摩擦焊的铝/铜接头界面元素扩散距离更短,硬脆的金属间化合物更少;性能上,水下搅拌摩擦焊的铝/铜接头强度更高,抗拉强度达到199.5 MPa,达到母材的74.4%。     

焊接速度对钛/钢搅拌摩擦焊接头宏观及界面形貌的影响

目的研究焊接速度对钛/钢搅拌摩擦焊接头的成形及界面特征影响。方法采用搅拌摩擦焊技术实现了2 mm厚钛/钢板材的对接焊,采用OM及SEM对钛/钢接头的成形及界面特征进行分析,并利用EDS对界面处的元素分布进行了分析。结果焊接速度为23.5~60 mm/min时,焊缝中心形成了以钛为主的"洋葱环"。"洋葱环"内部涡流分布着条带状及颗粒状的Fe-Ti反应物,为金属间化合物或固溶体。焊接速度为75 mm/min时,界面处反应层厚度约1μm,焊接速度为60 mm/min时,界面处反应层厚度约5μm,焊接速度为47.5mm/min时,界面处反应层厚度约5~60μm。结论随着焊接速度的增加,钛/钢搅拌摩擦焊焊缝表面成形由粗糙变得光滑,随焊接速度的降低,界面处的钛/钢冶金反应程度变强,界面反应层厚度逐渐增大。     

铝 / 钢异种金属搅拌摩擦焊及其研究进展

铝/钢异种金属连接结构在国防领域和国民生产、生活中更加广泛应用的前提,是获得良好的接头综合性能,但铝/钢焊接时易出现裂纹、金属间化合物等,严重影响了焊接接头质量。摩擦焊作为一种低温高效的固相连接方法,在新材料连接、高性能装备制造等领域受到了高度重视。其中,搅拌摩擦焊由于其可焊接头形式丰富而被重点关注。从搅拌摩擦焊的接头形式、工艺参数、力学性能及界面组织4个方面,分别介绍了铝/钢搅拌摩擦焊的研究进展,为其深入研究提供依据。     

6016-T4铝合金与镀锌IF钢搅拌摩擦焊接头的组织与性能

采用搅拌摩擦焊接对1.2 mm厚的6016-T4铝合金和1.0 mm厚的镀锌IF钢进行搭接试验。通过对接头的力学性能和界面组织进行研究,发现在焊接速度为100 mm/min、旋转速度为800～2 000 r/min的条件下焊缝成形良好,表面无沟槽、孔洞等缺陷;当旋转速度为1 200 r/min时,接头的拉剪强度最高,达到172 MPa,为铝合金母材强度的82%;铝合金硬度值呈"W"型分布,最低值在接头两侧的热力影响区及其与热影响区的交界处,硬度最高值在接头的焊核区,达到69.1HV,镀锌IF钢硬度值呈倒"U"型分布,最高值在焊核区,达到192.3HV;在搅拌针和轴肩的共同作用下,铝和钢搭接接头的界面组织特征呈现机械连接+冶金连接的特点,在搅拌针作用区的两侧界面处各形成一个"钩子"状的结构,扎入铝合金基体中,形成机械连接,钢铝界面处生成的Fe-Al金属间化合物、Al-Zn化合物和Fe-Al的层状组织共同形成冶金连接。     

铝/镀锌钢搅拌摩擦铆焊接头组织与力学性能

为实现铝钢之间的优质连接,采用搅拌摩擦铆焊新方法对6061铝合金和DP600镀锌钢进行搭接点焊,利用扫描电子显微镜、能谱仪及拉伸试验对接头的微观组织及力学性能进行了研究.结果表明:接头成形平整美观,中心没有匙孔;接头包含铆接区和扩散区,其中在铆接区铝合金以铝柱的形式嵌入到钢板的圆孔中,形成了一个"铝铆钉",底部有富铝的α固溶体偏聚,圆孔四周形成扩散区,铝和钢形成了冶金结合,依靠金属间化合物Fe Al3连接在一起;接头有3种断裂形式,在最佳工艺参数下接头的抗剪力达到8.2 k N;铝柱上断口的微观形貌是被拉长的韧窝,扩散区的断口由灰色基体和白色颗粒组成.     

超声对铝/镁异质合金搅拌摩擦焊接成形的影响

开展了厚度为4 mm的6061铝合金/AZ31B镁合金板的搅拌摩擦对接工艺实验,对比分析了常规搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)和超声振动强化搅拌摩擦焊(UVeFSW)的焊缝横截面与水平截面的材料流动情况、界面金属间化合物厚度、机械锁合程度以及接头拉伸性能等,探究了超声振动的作用机理。结果表明：超声振动能够促进接头不同部位的材料流动和热量传输,从而减小甚至消除焊接缺陷;施加超声振动后,铝/镁界面处的金属间化合物均有所减薄,同时界面机械锁合程度也均有所增强,因此UVeFSW接头的抗拉强度相比于同一工艺参数时FSW接头有所提高,施加超声振动后接头的最高抗拉强度达到了174.20 MPa。     

超声对铝/镁异质合金搅拌摩擦焊接成形的影响

开展了厚度为4 mm的6061铝合金/AZ31B镁合金板的搅拌摩擦对接工艺实验,对比分析了常规搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)和超声振动强化搅拌摩擦焊(UVeFSW)的焊缝横截面与水平截面的材料流动情况、界面金属间化合物厚度、机械锁合程度以及接头拉伸性能等,探究了超声振动的作用机理。结果表明：超声振动能够促进接头不同部位的材料流动和热量传输,从而减小甚至消除焊接缺陷;施加超声振动后,铝/镁界面处的金属间化合物均有所减薄,同时界面机械锁合程度也均有所增强,因此UVeFSW接头的抗拉强度相比于同一工艺参数时FSW接头有所提高,施加超声振动后接头的最高抗拉强度达到了174.20 MPa。     

铝合金薄板搭接高速 FSW 缺陷及断裂行为

目的 为了拓展搅拌摩擦焊技术应用,对薄板搭接结构高速搅拌摩擦焊工艺优化与工程应用提供 借鉴与指导。方法 采用圆锥无螺纹搅拌针,进行了 6061 铝合金薄板搭接高速搅拌摩擦焊接,对接头界 面缺陷及其断裂模式进行分析,探讨了转速对 6061 铝合金薄板搭接接头成形及性能的影响规律。结果 发现在无螺纹圆锥搅拌针、高转速（6000~9000 r/min）条件下,接头塑性金属在后退侧易形成飞边流出, 导致下板前进侧出现孔洞缺陷,且随转速增大,界面缺陷尺寸逐渐增大,当转速达到 10 000 r/min 时, 孔洞尺寸有所减小,此时接头拉剪强度最高,为 123 MPa。对试样拉剪断裂位置分析发现,高速搭接接 头断裂位置主要有两种,分别断裂在结合界面处或在前进侧下板,且转速在 9000 r/min 以上越趋向于在 结合界面断裂。结论 高转速搭接焊接必须协调轴肩相貌、焊接工装约束等条件,保证接头塑性金属充 分流动而不流失,才能获得成形良好无缺陷的接头。     

Investigations on the effects of friction stir welding parameters on intermetallic and defect formation in joining aluminum alloy to mild steel

Joints of Al 5186 to mild steel were performed by using friction stir welding (FSW) technique. The effects of various FSW parameters such as tool traverse speed, plunge depth, tilt angle and tool pin geometry on the formation of intermetallic compounds (IMCs), tunnel formation and tensile strength of joints were investigated. At low welding speeds due to the formation of thick IMCs (which was characterized as Al₆Fe and Al₅Fe₂) in the weld zone the tensile strength of joints was very poor. Even at low welding speeds the tunnel defect was formed. As the welding speed increased, the IMCs decreased and the joint exhibited higher tensile strength. The tunnel defect could not be avoided by using cylindrical 4 mm and 3 mm pin diameter. By using a standard threaded M3 tool pin the tunnel was avoided and a bell shape nugget formed. Therefore tensile strength of the joint increased to 90% of aluminum base alloy strength. At higher welding speed and lower tool plunge depth, the joint strength decreased due to lack of bonding between aluminum and steel. Based on the findings, a FSW window has been developed and presented.     

Effect of Reverse-threaded Pin on Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Lap Welded Alclad 2024 Aluminum Alloy

In friction stir welding(FSW), tool geometry plays an important role in joint quality. In order to improve mechanical properties of friction stir lap welding(FSLW) joint, a tool with a reverse-threaded pin was designed in the present study. Using 2024-T4 aluminum alloy as the research object, tools with the fullthreaded pin and reverse-threaded pin were used in FSLW. Results showed that, when using the same parameter combination, FSLW joint using the reverse-threaded pin owned bigger effective sheet thickness(EST), bigger lap width and better lap shear failure strength. Compared with the full-threaded pin,fracture mode of the FSLW joint changed from shear fracture mode to tensile fracture mode when the reverse-threaded pin was used. Fracture morphologies presented ductile fracture.     

铝/钢搅拌摩擦焊对接焊缝组织及机理研究

为了提高Q235钢板和6082-T6铝合金对接的连接强度,采用搅拌摩擦焊进行对接焊接.研究了不同尺寸和形状的搅拌头、转速、焊接速度和偏移量等对铝钢对接焊缝组织的影响,进而优化了搅拌摩擦焊工艺.实验结果表明:不同形状的搅拌头影响接头"钉子"形状,接头的不同位置处由于受到不同热循环和搅拌导致晶粒尺寸不同,从而影响接头的力学性能.当搅拌针旋转速度260 r/min,焊接速度16 mm/min,针头偏向铝侧0.2 mm时,所得焊缝的拉伸强度为141.204 MPa,为最佳工艺参数.在此最优参数下获得过渡层的厚度约为8μm,界面的主要成分是Fe Al3.     

Friction stir welding of al 6061‐T6 thick plates: Part I ‐ experimental analyses of thermal and mechanical phenomena

Abstract

In friction stir welding (FSW), heat is generated by two mechanisms: (1) the friction between the rotating tool and the workpiece at the interface, and (2) the plastic shear deformation of the material in the vicinity of the pin tool. The amount of heat generated is crucial to the quality of the weld. In addition, the mechanical force and torque developed in the process dictates the life of the tool as well as the design of the fixture. In this paper, a butt joint was made by FSW on two thick plates (thickness = 37.6 mm) of aluminum alloy 6061‐T6. The joining was conducted by load control mode (applying a controlled vertical plunging force). Two different tests were performed, one using a long probe pin (24.3 mm in length) and the other using a very short pin (3.5 mm in length). The objectives of the research were to study the heat generation process from the shoulder, the pin, and the mechanical process parameters.

In this Part I, we report on the welding process parameters, i.e. tool RPM, welding speed, tool plunge‐in depth, force, torque, and power history, and the transient temperature history measured from thermocouples. It was found that (a) a quasi‐steady state existed after the tool moved about 82.2 mm from the starting point, during which the tool forces, torque and generated heat reached an equilibrium state in the neighborhood of the tool, (b) the highest temperature measured in the weld seam was less than the melting temperature of the workpiece material, (c) the tool pin plays an important role in the heat input to the process, and (d) the heat generated from the pin strongly depends on its length. The comprehensive test data could be used by researchers interested in numerical modeling of the FSW process without duplicating the complicated tests.     

Influence of Tool Geometry in Friction Stir Welding

In this article we highlight the results of a recent study undertaken to understand the influence of tool geometry on friction stir welding (FSW) of an aluminum alloy with specific reference to microstructural development, defect formation, and mechanical response. The welding trials were made on 4.4 mm thick sheets using tools made of die steel and having different diameters of the shoulder and the pin, and the profile of the pin. Throughout the welding operation, the rotational speed, traverse speed, and tool axial tilt were held constant at 1400 rpm, 80 mm/minute, and 0 degrees, respectively. For a shoulder diameter of 20 mm and a pin diameter of 6 mm, the severity of defects in the weld was found to be the least and the resultant tensile strength of the weld was high. For the welds that were made using a tool having a shoulder diameter of 10 mm and a pin diameter of 3 mm the tensile strength of the weld was the least since the degree of defects observed were higher.     

Weldablity of the Lap Joint between a 5182 Aluminum Alloy and a DP1180 Two-Phase Steel Sheet

Strength of Materials - The welding process of the lap joint between a 5182 aluminum alloy and a DP1180 two-phase steel sheet (1.2 mm thick) is deeply studied by friction stir welding, defects not...