钢/铝薄板热无铆连接接头力学性能研究

目的 针对目前车用高强钢和高强度铝合金板料在无铆连接工艺上出现的成形接头效果不佳及接头强度难以满足实际工况等问题,提出一种钢/铝异种材料热无铆塑性连接工艺,以有效提高22MnB5高强钢与7050铝合金铆接接头性能。方法 通过软件Abaqus建立钢/铝异种材料无铆塑性连接有限元模型,对塑性连接接头尺寸特性进行分析;进一步通过仿真分析研究高强钢初始铆接温度对接头截面颈厚与自锁值的影响,并采用拉伸试验研究铝板在不同初始温度下及成形接头在不同冷却方式下对无铆塑性连接接头性能的影响。结果 将有限元仿真分析结果与试验的金相图进行了对比研究,得出二者成形接头的尺寸基本吻合,并产生了有效的机械自锁,证明了仿真模型的准确性。随后,经仿真分析确定,钢加热至700 ℃时,接头颈厚值与自锁值均最大,分别为0.402、0.357 mm,该成形温度下接头特征尺寸最佳。最后,通过试验分析发现,常温铆接、阀冷、室冷、水冷的拉力峰值分别为2.076 3、5.314 0、2.411 1、2.024 0 kN。由此可得,热处理后接头的抗剪切强度较常温铆接提高了28.5%,在3种冷却方式处理下,阀冷的接头强度最佳,水冷的接头强度最差。结论 通过对比分析,确定了22MnB5钢加热至700 ℃且铝仅经热传导并采用阀冷时进行无铆塑性连接的接头强度最佳。     

喷丸预处理对铝合金与钢TIG熔-钎焊的影响

为了使铝合金与钢的连接更加牢固,以Al-Si(6%~8%)为钎料,采用TIG熔-钎焊对5052铝合金和镀锌钢板进行连接,并对铝合金板的熔-焊区进行表面喷丸预处理,研究了表面喷丸对接头界面组织及力学性能的影响.研究表明:喷丸预处理能细化接头熔焊区柱状晶晶粒并使其分布更均匀,促进钢/熔池金属间的界面反应;表面喷丸明显改变了钢/铝扩散层厚度,厚度由6.0μm增加到9.5μm.力学性能测试结果表明,表面喷丸显著改善了连接质量,接头拉剪强度达到238.6 N/mm.     

铝/钢搅拌摩擦辅助铆接接头界面特性研究

目的探究搅拌摩擦辅助铆接铝/钢接头界面的结合特征,解决传统铆接力学性能较低的问题。方法采用搅拌摩擦焊技术实现了对3mm厚不锈钢板和4mm厚的铝合金板的搭接点焊,采用OM及SEM对铝/钢接头界面结合情况进行分析,并利用EDS对界面处元素分布进行分析。结果搅拌头转速1180 r/min、焊接时间120 s、下压量0.2 mm时,铝/钢接头界面结合较好,平均拉剪力达到6519 N,且在铝/钢界面处产生FeAl金属间化合物。受摩擦热作用的影响,位于下板的铝母材晶粒发生长大变粗,铝铆钉与铝板结合紧密,铝铆钉与铝板的结合情况受搅拌头压力的影响更为显著。结论搅拌摩擦辅助铆接铝/钢异种合金,实现了铆钉与铝板和钢板的有效冶金结合,在铝钢结合界面处存在原子的互扩散现象,且有相应的金属间化合物生成。     

Mg/Zn/Al瞬间液相过冷连接界面的组织与性能研究

采用瞬间液相过冷连接方法对AZ31镁合金/锌中间层/5083铝合金进行连接,利用SEM、XRD、拉伸实验机和微观硬度计对结合界面的微观组织、力学性能进行了表征。结果表明,以锌作中间层,采用瞬间液相过冷连接可以实现AZ31镁合金与5083铝合金的有效连接,接头的最高抗拉强度可以达到38.5MPa,随着低温扩散保温时间的延长,扩散层厚度随之增加,接头的抗拉强度也随之升高;接头的拉伸断口属于脆性断裂,结合界面形成了MgZn2和少量的Mg17Al12金属间化合物;结合界面的微观硬度最高达170。     

轻量化汽车自冲铆接接头腐蚀行为的研究进展

由于汽车轻量化的快速发展,自冲铆接作为轻量化材料的连接技术得到广泛应用,而腐蚀是影响汽车安全和消费者满意度的重要问题,近几年汽车自冲铆接接头的腐蚀问题正成为自冲铆接技术的研究热点.简述了自冲铆接设备及其工艺制作过程,综述了铝合金自冲铆接接头、钢铝异种材料自冲铆接接头和碳纤维/铝合金等其他类型接头的腐蚀行为研究进展,指出了自冲铆接接头腐蚀还需待研究解决的问题,并从实际应用和工艺条件角度出发,指出了自冲铆接接头今后腐蚀研究方向,从而完善自冲铆接接头腐蚀评价和指导自冲铆接接头的设计寿命评估.     

金属夹层对自冲铆接头强度和失效形式的影响

基于自冲铆技术,分别制备了铝-铝(A0)、铝-泡沫铁镍夹层-铝(A1)和铝-涂胶泡沫铁镍夹层-铝(A2)的3种自冲铆接头。为研究泡沫金属夹层以及涂胶泡沫金属夹层对自冲铆接头强度及失效形式的影响,通过力学试验测试接头静力学性能,从宏观角度分析接头失效形式,并采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对接头失效断口进行微观分析。研究表明:泡沫铁镍金属夹层和涂胶泡沫铁镍金属夹层可有效提高接头静失效载荷,但接头能量吸收值呈下降趋势,A0组接头最大平均失效载荷为3586 N,能量吸收值为11.779 J,A1组和A2组接头静失效载荷比A0组分别提高了9.9%和30%,能量吸收值比A0组分别降低了0.9%和7.2%;3组接头均为拉脱失效,且上板搭接区均出现不同程度的曲翘,A0组接头铆钉从下板拉脱,而A1和A2组接头下板底部与铆钉一并从下板拉脱;3组接头失效模式微观特征为:铆钉腿与铆接孔一侧发生剧烈摩擦和挤压,最终铆钉在拉剪载荷下完全从下板拉脱。     

自冲铆接接头拉剪强度的数值模拟研究

针对自冲铆接接头拉剪强度的数值模拟方法进行研究.对0.7mm低碳钢+0.7mm低碳钢同种材料自冲铆接接头,0.7mm低碳钢+2mm铝合金的异种材料自冲铆接接头的剪切拉伸过程建立有限元模型,并对其剪切拉伸过程及铆钉与板材的受力变形情况和破坏失效模式进行了模拟和分析.从数值模拟结果可以看出,钢-钢同种材料与钢-铝异种材料自...     

6016-T4铝合金与镀锌IF钢搅拌摩擦焊接头的组织与性能

采用搅拌摩擦焊接对1.2 mm厚的6016-T4铝合金和1.0 mm厚的镀锌IF钢进行搭接试验。通过对接头的力学性能和界面组织进行研究,发现在焊接速度为100 mm/min、旋转速度为800～2 000 r/min的条件下焊缝成形良好,表面无沟槽、孔洞等缺陷;当旋转速度为1 200 r/min时,接头的拉剪强度最高,达到172 MPa,为铝合金母材强度的82%;铝合金硬度值呈"W"型分布,最低值在接头两侧的热力影响区及其与热影响区的交界处,硬度最高值在接头的焊核区,达到69.1HV,镀锌IF钢硬度值呈倒"U"型分布,最高值在焊核区,达到192.3HV;在搅拌针和轴肩的共同作用下,铝和钢搭接接头的界面组织特征呈现机械连接+冶金连接的特点,在搅拌针作用区的两侧界面处各形成一个"钩子"状的结构,扎入铝合金基体中,形成机械连接,钢铝界面处生成的Fe-Al金属间化合物、Al-Zn化合物和Fe-Al的层状组织共同形成冶金连接。     

汽车用铝钢无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊接头组织及界面特征研究

随着轻量化技术的发展，镀锌钢板与铝合金等异种金属连接在现代汽车工业中的应用越来越多，回抽式无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊具有热输入低、焊缝晶粒细小、接头力学性能高等优点，在铝合金等轻金属焊接领域具有很大的优势。本工作使用回抽式搅拌摩擦点焊技术，成功实现了0.7 mm厚的镀锌钢板与2 mm厚的铝合金板的无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊连接。在不同的焊接转速下，对铝钢异种金属进行无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊实验研究，分析了无匙孔搅拌摩擦点焊接头的剪切性能、断口形貌、各区微观组织、界面区特征及连接机理。研究结果表明，转速为1 200 r/min、压入量为0.2 mm、焊接时间为15 s时焊接接头最佳，具有最好的力学拉伸性能，断裂位置为热机影响区；通过扫描电镜(SEM)和能谱分析(EDS)对接头的微观形貌以及断口形貌进行观察分析发现，在搅拌区接头界面形成了约6μm厚的金属间化合物，为AlFe₃、Al₁₃Fe₄、AlFe；各位置处金属间化物的形貌与厚度不同，断裂方式为混合断裂机制，界面处的连接为机械结合和冶金结合两种接合方式。     

自冲铆接头疲劳性能影响因素研究进展

由于近年来车身轻量化的需求,全铝车身结构及混合材料车身结构是车身设计制造的发展趋势,其结构连接问题也面临巨大的挑战。自冲铆接作为一种冷成型技术,通过铆钉和板料形成机械内锁结构进行板材连接,可以用来连接两层和多层金属及非金属板材。相对于传统连接技术,自冲铆接具有无需预先打孔、连接过程环境友好、可以连接异质板材及非金属板材等优点,同时所得到的接头具有较好的密封性及力学性能。自冲铆接作为轻量化结构的一种新型连接手段,近年来因具有独特的优势得到迅速发展。疲劳性能是接头工程应用的关键性能指标,自冲铆接头的疲劳性能研究主要针对铝合金及高强钢等车身材料展开,近年来研究者们对钛合金和纤维增强复合材料等新型材料自冲铆接头的疲劳性能进行了相关探索性研究。影响自冲铆接头疲劳性能的因素众多,提高自冲铆接头疲劳性能的方法及探究接头的疲劳失效机理一直是研究者们所关注的热点。影响自冲铆接头疲劳性能的因素主要包括铆接工艺、基板参数、铆钉分布形式、接头搭接形式、疲劳加载参数、试验温度和添加粘接剂等,其中大量研究主要针对铆接工艺、基板参数和铆钉分布形式展开。研究表明,采用高强度的板材作下板、增加板厚及使用硬度较高的圆头铆钉进行连接能够提高单搭自冲铆接头的疲劳性能;铆钉个数的增加可以显著提高接头的疲劳性能,采用不同铆钉分布形式及铆钉边距影响接头的疲劳性能。自冲铆接头存在残余应力,同时微动磨损是导致机械连接疲劳失效的主要原因,通过去应力退火可以提高接头在高疲劳载荷下的疲劳寿命,对基板添加润滑剂镀层也可以改善接头的疲劳性能。此外,粘铆复合接头目前在车身连接中得到广泛应用,粘接剂可以减弱接头的应力集中,从而改善其疲劳性能。疲劳试验耗时较多,试验成本较高。研究自冲铆接头疲劳性能的影响因素可以为后续研究及其工程应用提供相关参考。本文归纳了自冲铆接头疲劳性能影响因素的研究进展并总结了改善接头疲劳性能的方法,同时对自冲铆接的研究方向进行分析和展望。     

Resistance Element Welding of 6061 Aluminum Alloy to Uncoated 22MnMoB Boron Steel

A novel resistance element welding technology was applied to join 6061 Al alloy and uncoated 22MnMoB boron steel. To conduct the resistance element welding process, a technological hole was drilled in the Al sheet into which a Q235 steel rivet was inserted. Resistance spot welding was carried out at the rivet. The mechanical properties, fracture morphology, nugget formation process, dynamic resistance, microstructure, and hardness distribution of the resistance element welding were investigated. Traditional resistance spot weld joints were also prepared for comparison. Resistance spot welding could barely join Al 6061 and boron steel, and had a maximum tensile shear force of less than 1000 N. Novel resistance element welding could join the metals reliably with a maximum tensile shear force of over 7000 N and a relatively high toughness. Nugget formed at the interface of rivet and steel acted as loading position, and IMC interlayer connected rivet and aluminum.     

Dissimilar joining of galvanized high-strength steel to aluminum alloy in a zero-gap lap joint configuration by two-pass laser welding

A welding procedure based on using two-pass laser scans is introduced for dissimilar joining of overlapped galvanized high-strength dual-phase (DP) steel DP590 to aluminum alloy (AA) 6061 sheets. The first pass is based on a defocused laser spot that scans across the top of the two overlapped sheets and heats the zinc coating at the faying surface to be melted and partially vaporized, while the second pass is executed with a focused laser spot in order to perform the welding. Completely defect-free galvanized steel to aluminum lap joints were obtained by using this two-pass laser welding procedure. An on-line machine vision system was applied to monitor the keyhole dynamics during the laser welding process. An energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was carried out to determine the atomic percent of zinc, aluminum, and iron in the galvanized steel to aluminum lap joints. Mechanical testing and micro-hardness test were conducted to evaluate the mechanical properties of the galvanized steel to aluminum lap joints. The experimental results showed that the lap joint of galvanized steel to aluminum obtained by the two-pass laser welding approach had a higher failure value than those joints obtained when the zinc at the faying surface was mechanically removed under the same welding speed and laser power.     

Q&P980镀锌高强钢电阻点焊工艺及液态金属脆化裂纹分布EI北大核心

通过设计电阻点焊工艺的正交实验,确定了Q&P980镀锌高强钢的点焊工艺参数范围,并对其焊接接头进行显微组织表征和力学性能分析。结果表明:熔核区组织以交错分布的板条马氏体为主;热影响区组织由板条马氏体、残余奥氏体和铁素体组成,马氏体板条平均宽度在不完全淬火区最大为4.86μm。显微硬度测试发现,焊接接头硬度值呈“W”形对称分布,硬度峰值出现在细晶区,达到559HV,硬度最低值出现在不完全淬火区,为338HV,呈现明显的软化现象。对焊接接头进行室温拉伸,最大拉剪载荷的峰值为27.92 kN,其断口形貌呈现典型的韧窝状,属于韧性断裂。由于Zn的熔点较钢基体低,镀锌高强钢点焊时易发生Zn层优先熔化并沿晶界向基体渗透,在焊接接头处可观察到明显的液态金属脆化裂纹。     

水下搅拌摩擦焊对铝/铜接头组织与性能的影响

目的 采用搅拌摩擦焊,对比分析大气环境和水下环境下铝/铜接头的组织与性能,以期获得力学性能更优异的铝/铜焊接接头。方法 利用搅拌摩擦焊,在焊接速度为40 mm/min、旋转速度为1 000 r/min的条件下,分别在大气环境和水下环境下对厚度为9 mm的6061铝合金板和T2纯铜板进行焊接。然后,对铝/铜界面、焊核区进行扫描电镜及能谱分析,并对铝/铜界面及焊核区进行物相分析,确定产物相组成。最后,对铝/铜试样进行拉伸及硬度检测。结果 铝/铜接头均无裂纹、气孔等缺陷。铜颗粒弥散分布在焊核区,铝/铜界面形成金属间化合物层。水下搅拌摩擦焊下界面元素扩散距离明显变短,且金属间化合物厚度更薄。铝/铜接头的金属间化合物为AlCu和Al4Cu9。大气环境焊接下接头的抗拉强度为130.6 MPa,断裂方式为脆性断裂;水下焊接下接头的抗拉强度为199.5 MPa,断裂方式为韧性断裂。水下环境下的接头硬度值更高,其中热影响区的硬度最低值约为65HV。结论 水下搅拌摩擦焊铝/铜接头无裂纹、气孔等缺陷。组织上,水下搅拌摩擦焊的铝/铜接头界面元素扩散距离更短,硬脆的金属间化合物更少;性能上,水下搅拌摩擦焊的铝/铜接头强度更高,抗拉强度达到199.5 MPa,达到母材的74.4%。     

Some contraindications of hole expansion in riveted joints

Comparable fatigue tests were carried out on aluminium alloy 7475-T7351 double butt joints with untreated and with cold expanded holes. Surprisingly, the behaviour of the specimens having cold expanded holes was worse than that of specimens with untreated holes. This result was attributed to the surface upset which was present in cold expanded holes. Several hypotheses were formulated and experimentally verified to overcome this problem, such as deeper hole deburring, rivet diameter, joint design and grip material, steel instead of aluminium alloy.Additional tests demonstrated that the problem was not present in sealed joint as the surface upset was hidden in the sealant thickness. Sealants have detrimental effects in the fatigue resistance of riveted joints, as they increase the load transferred by rivet bearing. The hole expansion is beneficial in this condition, while in un-sealed joints its effect must be accurately evaluated.Other authors too highlighted possible problems due to surface upset, up to suggest to eliminate it. Only in a very few cases, a reduction of fatigue life as a consequence of hole expansion was observed.     

马氏体含量对合金化热镀锌双相钢电阻点焊接头组织与性能的影响

目的 研究在双相钢电阻电焊过程中马氏体含量对点焊接头组织、性能的影响规律。方法 使用电阻点焊机对DP780、DP980、DP1180 3种马氏体含量不同的锌铁合金化热镀锌双相钢进行焊接,利用欧姆表、光学显微镜、扫描电镜、拉伸机和显微硬度计等设备,对基板的电阻率、工艺窗口、接头力学性能、焊点断裂模式、金相组织进行表征。结果 在AWS D8.9M-2012焊接标准体系下,DP780、DP980、DP1180焊接电流窗口依次减小,DP780、DP980、DP1180 3种材料在最大焊接电流下的焊核直径基本一致;熔核区硬度呈增大趋势,DP780点焊接头软化不明显,DP980和DP1180的热影响区出现明显的软化现象,这主要是由母材热影响区中的马氏体回火造成的。DP780、DP980、DP1180的最大剪切力分别为23 062、27 317、28 183 N。DP780为拔核断裂模式,DP980和DP1180为部分拔核断裂模式。结论 双相钢中马氏体含量的增加会使焊接电流窗口降低,整体向焊接电流减小的方向偏移,但是会提高上限电流的焊点承载强度。     

铝合金6082和5083 MIG焊接头的微观组织和性能

对高速列车车体常用铝合金6082与5083板材进行熔化极氩弧焊(MIG)对接,利用光学显微镜和扫描电镜分析异种材料焊接接头的显微组织特点,利用显微硬度计、拉伸试验机和电化学工作站对接头的力学性能和耐腐蚀性能进行测试和分析。研究结果表明,焊缝成型良好,焊缝区由细小的胞状树枝晶和等轴晶构成,熔合线附近为粗大的柱状晶;焊接接头抗拉强度为199.92 MPa,断后伸长率为5.18%,断裂位置在铝合金6082的焊接热影响区(HAZ),为韧性断裂,接头的正弯性能较差,背弯性能良好;铝合金5083侧的热影响区宽为4mm,6082侧的热影响区宽为15mm,接头两侧的硬度分布有明显差别,在6082侧距焊缝中心12.5mm的显微硬度最低为63HV;6082-5083异种铝合金焊缝的耐蚀性能优于母材5083,但比母材6082差。     

A Novel Method for Resistance Plug Welding of 7075 Aluminum Alloy

This article investigates a novel resistance welding method – resistance plug welding – to weld 7075 aluminum alloy plates. Lap joints were made of two 1-mm thick 7075 aluminum alloy plates with circular holes punched in the center of the lap zone. A filler rod made of 5052 aluminum alloy, which has better resistance spot weldability, was inserted into the hole. The weld formation, microstructure, and mechanical properties of the joints were analyzed and compared with traditional resistance spot welding joints. The results showed that the current density was more concentrated during resistance plug welding (RPW), which led to larger nugget diameters and higher peak loads and energy absorption in a RPW joint. Defects such as hot cracking and pores, which form easily in 7075 RSW joints, were efficiently avoided in 7075 RPW joints because of the superior weldability of the 5052 aluminum alloy. Partial-thickness, pullout, and ductile fractures occurred in RPW joints, whereas interfacial fracture features and brittle fractures were observed in RSW joints.     

Fatigue properties of self‐piercing riveted multi‐rivet joints in steel and aluminum sheets

Self‐piercing riveting (SPR) is an important joining technology for connecting steel and aluminum sheets. In this paper, AA6111 aluminum alloy and DP780 high‐strength steel were adopted to study the influence of fatigue on remaining static strength and energy absorption properties on self‐piercing riveting multi‐rivet joints. The results showed that energy absorption capacity of the specimens decreased significantly after high cycle fatigue. Fatigue reduced the remaining static lap shear strength of riveted specimens. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the cross section of fatigue specimens fractured by static tension. The results showed that fretting wear was found at the contact area between rivet and aluminum sheets. Fatigue bands and fatigue cracks appeared in fatigue specimens after high cycle fatigue, while those with low cycle fatigue specimens did not appear. Small cracks weaken the strength of the aluminum sheet, resulting in the static tensile strength of the riveted specimen with high cycle fatigue is lower than that of other fatigue specimens.