港西油田疏松砂岩密闭取心井室内实验研究

密闭取心井是了解地下储层最直接资料,疏松砂岩储层在现场取心和岩样出筒处理过程中易损坏。针对港西油田疏松砂岩储层,为了挖潜老油田剩余油,搞清油藏不同开发时期变化过程和油藏现状,加深储层认识,在港西油田利用液氮冷却、岩样包封等技术手段对西检2井密闭取心,并展开室内实验研究。研究表明,西检2井储层碎屑成分以石英为主,不同层段含量有所变化,为高孔、中-中低渗储层,且孔渗相关性良好。归纳了4种孔隙组合类型,分层段综合定义3种储层,重点分析了3种情况下驱油效率与含水规律特征。动静态结合分析法,对深入认识储层有一定指导意义。并进行样品对比实验,结果证实密闭取心冷冻实验分析方法针对疏松砂岩岩心样品成熟可靠,为疏松砂岩密闭取心提供可借鉴的方法。     

鄂尔多斯盆地特低渗透砂岩储层裂缝压力敏感性及其开发意义

为了分析特低渗透砂岩储层高角度裂缝的压力敏感性特征,对鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组特低渗透砂岩储层基质岩样、含天然裂缝岩样和含人造裂缝岩样进行了对比实验。实验结果表明,特低渗透砂岩储层裂缝的压力敏感性十分明显,在无裂缝时基质岩块为中等程度敏感性,含裂缝时为强压力敏感性。裂缝的开度越大,渗透率越高,其压力敏感性越强,裂缝渗透率的恢复程度越小。裂缝的压力敏感性特征对特低渗透砂岩油藏开发具有十分重要的意义。     

临盘油田盘二断块沙三下段储层的扫描电镜分析

扫描电镜（ＳＥＭ）观察分析是研究储集砂岩成分和成岩作用的重要手段．通过对临盘油田盘二断块沙三下储层的电镜观察分析发现，该套储层埋藏较浅，机械压实作用较弱，原生粒间孔隙较发育．研究还表明，砂岩的胶结物以粘土矿物为主，其中主要是自生高岭石和伊／蒙混层矿物，胶结疏松，具有较好的储集性，但又易出砂．因此，在进行油田开发方案调整时，应充分考虑这些因素．     

临盘油田盘二断块沙三下段储层的扫描电镜分析

扫描电镜（ＳＥＭ）观察分析是研究储集砂岩成分和成岩作用的重要手段。通过对临盘油田盘二断块沙三个储层的电镜观察分析发现。该套储层埋藏较浅。机械压实作用较弱，原生粒间孔隙较发育。研究还表明，砂岩的胶结物以粘土矿物为主，其中主要是自生高岭石和伊／蒙混层矿物。胶结疏松。具有较好的储集性。但又易出砂。因此，在进行油田开发方案调整时，应充分考虑这些因素。     

稠油油藏注蒸汽储层热伤害规律实验研究

针对稠油油藏注蒸汽过程中储层的热伤害问题,研究了稠油油藏热采过程注入的高温、高pH 热流体对储层 渗透率的影响,研究中利用正反向流动实验方法,研究了高温冷凝液注入疏松砂岩后引起的微粒运移作用及储层渗透 率的变化特征;并利用储层矿物的水热反应实验,分析了疏松砂岩油藏注蒸汽开发过程中的微粒运移机理。实验结果 表明,注蒸汽过程中,稠油油藏储层渗透率随温度及pH 值的升高而降低。高速流动的蒸汽及冷凝液造成储层内固相 微粒的运移及滞留,使储层非均质性进一步加剧;同时,高温、高pH 的蒸汽冷凝液既促使黏土矿物发生膨胀又造成储 层矿物发生溶解与转化,从而进一步加剧了稠油油藏疏松砂岩储层的储层热伤害。     

低渗透储层原位条件下应力敏感性评价

为探讨围压和孔隙压力对岩石渗透率的影响及岩石渗透率敏感性评价的新方法, 选取松辽盆地3块低渗透储层岩样, 采用岩石伺服三轴实验系统, 分别做常规条件和原位条件下的应力敏感性评价, 得到三方面结果。1) 3块样品的渗透率随围压增大而降低, 随着孔隙压力的增大而增大。2) 原位条件下, 物性越差的样品储层应力敏感性越强。借助扫描电子显微镜和恒速压汞实验, 解释了低渗透储层敏感性差异存在的机理。储层岩石喉道的大小和形态、黏土含量和类型、矿物胶结程度是决定渗透率敏感性差异的原因。3) 塑性矿物含量和类型是决定渗透率敏感性差异的主要因素, 即云母、黏土等塑性矿物含量越高, 致密岩石储层渗透率应力敏感性越强。在实际工作中, 评价岩石渗透率敏感性时一般只考虑围压单因素的影响, 会对评价结果带来较大的人为误差, 而岩样地层所处的孔隙压力等条件对渗透率影响不容忽视。为准确地认识低渗透储层的应力敏感特征, 制定更合理的生产压差, 建议进行岩样渗透率敏感性评价时, 恢复地下原位条件。     

大足大佛湾石刻岩石微观与力学特性研究

为了给大佛湾石刻造像的病害治理提供依据,采用X射线衍射、光学显微镜、扫描电镜和岩石力学试验系统等对该区域内岩样的矿物成分、微观结构和力学特性进行分析。结果表明,石刻区域内岩石的矿物成分以石英、钠长石、方解石、黏土矿物为主,且由于黏土矿物和方解石的含量与分布不同,造成了砂岩外观颜色的差异;区域内岩层没有变形改造,砂岩内部存在较多微孔隙而泥质砂岩、泥岩的结构较为致密,且水对岩石的结构有溶蚀、淋滤等破坏;区域内岩石的力学性质受黏土矿物的影响较大,通过力学试验得出的基本力学参数显示,与天然状态相比,岩样在饱水状态下的强度明显降低。     

疏松砂岩油藏酸化机理研究

金家油田砂岩储层泥质含量高,存在常规酸化易出砂,导致酸化效果不佳的问题。本文在储层伤害特征研究的基础上,利用溶蚀实验优选出适合金家油田疏松砂岩油藏的酸液类型,同时通过岩心流动实验及环境扫描电镜对其酸化机理进行了讨论,结果表明该酸化液配方对于疏松砂岩油藏酸化效果好。     

多裂缝系统致密砂岩气藏的水锁及应力敏感叠加伤害研究——以川西蓬莱镇组致密砂岩为例

为研究水锁、有效应力对裂缝储层的叠加损害,选取川西蓬莱镇组致密砂岩气藏岩样,进行了干岩样和不同含水饱和度条件下岩样应力敏感实验。实验结果表明,随着岩样含水饱和度的增大,水锁程度增大,应力敏感程度增强;同含水饱和度下,有效应力增加,水锁程度增强。在压裂后的多裂缝系统储层中水锁和储层有效应力两者的协同作用对多裂缝网络储层渗透率造成叠加损害,可以为多裂缝致密砂岩储层开发方案的设计提供依据。     

液氮压裂中液氮对岩石破坏的影响试验

为了研究液氮对岩石破坏的影响,在理论分析的基础上,借助核磁共振测试技术,通过测试所选取的砂岩岩样孔隙体积及孔隙结构的变化,研究液氮对干燥状态和饱和水状态岩样的破坏形式。结果表明:液氮的热力冲击作用可使干燥岩石在较短时间内产生收缩变形和孔隙体积减小,试验后红色砂岩和白色砂岩岩样的孔隙体积分别降低了8.63%和4.78%;冻结作用对饱和岩样的矿物颗粒之间胶结较弱处具有损伤破坏作用,当损伤达到一定程度后,会贯通成缝,使岩体出现断裂现象。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.