脂质与淀粉相互作用及其对淀粉性质影响

淀粉是食品重要成分,在食品体系中起到提供热能与影响质构作用,在蒸煮、焙烤等加热过程中,淀粉粒开始吸水膨胀,淀粉性质发生变化。淀粉中脂质或外加入脂质在淀粉加热过程中,影响淀粉特性变化;脂质存在会使淀粉溶胀性和溶解性降低,改变糊化温度和热焓,对淀粉流变性质也会产生影响。     

直链淀粉-脂质复合物的形成及其结构性质研究进展

直链淀粉-脂质复合物的形成赋予淀粉抗消化、包埋有益脂质、改善食品质地等优良特性,同时还可以调控淀粉的糊化、老化等性质,已逐渐成为淀粉改性领域的研究热点。文中综述了近年来直链淀粉-脂质复合物的研究进展,概括了国内外主流及新兴的制备方法,探讨了复合物的结构性质、形成机理,并介绍了复合物对淀粉理化和功能特性的影响,最后展望了其在食品行业中的应用前景。     

热处理过程中食品组分与淀粉相互作用研究进展

热处理作为淀粉类食品加工过程中较为常见的熟化方式, 可以为体系带来大量的热能及活跃的水分子, 不仅对淀粉的结构产生影响, 也可以促进淀粉与其他共存组分之间的相互作用。这种相互作用的变化可以更大程度地改变淀粉的结构、颗粒形貌以及理化性质, 从而进一步改变淀粉的加工及功能特性, 如增加淀粉持油性、延缓淀粉贮藏过程中的回生现象、提高淀粉的抗酶解能力等。本文总结了在3种常见的热处理方式(湿热处理、压热处理和干热处理)下, 淀粉与其他主要食品组分(非淀粉碳水化合物、脂肪和蛋白质)的相互作用, 通过对热处理加工协同共存组分对淀粉的结构及颗粒形貌、理化特性、回生和消化特性的影响研究现状进行分析, 为淀粉类食品加工过程中的组分互作的探究提供参考。     

不同加工方式对淀粉性质的影响

淀粉作为食品尤其是谷物制品的主要成分,在人类日常饮食中占有十分重要的地位。超高压、油炸、发酵、挤压和微波作为食品领域5种常用的加工手段,能显著地改变淀粉的糊化、老化、结晶等理化性质,影响其与食品其他组分之间的相互作用,进而影响食品的品质。作者主要综述了这5种加工技术在淀粉类食品中的应用,分析它们对淀粉性质的影响及作用机理,以期为淀粉类食品的深入开发提供一定的参考。     

冷等离子体技术对食品组分的影响及其作用机制

冷等离子体作为一种新型的非热加工技术,因其具有安全、绿色、能耗低等优点,在食品加工领域受到广泛关注。冷等离子体使用的气体在电离过程中产生的紫外线、活性物质（如活性氧、活性氮、羟自由基和离子）等会通过辐射/修饰作用使生物大分子发生刻蚀及交联,或对食品组分（脂质、蛋白质、淀粉等）的表面结构和官能团进行修饰,使组分结构发生变化,从而影响食品的品质、功能特性等。本文综述了冷等离子体作用对食品主要组分（蛋白质、脂质、淀粉）、维生素和多酚的影响及其可能的作用机制,并讨论了该技术存在的问题和未来发展的方向,以期为冷等离子体在食品工业的应用提供参考。     

淀粉-脂肪酸复合物的研究进展

文章综述了淀粉-脂肪酸复合物的复合机理、制备方法及条件，重点讨论了影响淀粉-脂肪酸复合物形成的因素，发现淀粉结构、脂质结构、脂质浓度以及不同工艺参数对淀粉-脂肪酸复合物的影响很大，并以此为基础探究复合物对淀粉性质的影响，综述了淀粉-脂质复合物在淀粉基食品中的应用进展，以期为进一步推广和完善淀粉-脂质复合物在食品工业中的应用提供参考。     

玉米淀粉-脂质复合物对曲奇饼干体外消化和血糖生成指数的影响

目的 探究玉米淀粉-脂质复合物的结构和消化特性以及对曲奇饼干的体外消化特性与血糖生成指数的影响。方法 利用水热法制备了制备不同脂质(包括饱和脂肪酸与不饱和脂肪酸)与玉米直链淀粉的复合物, 通过傅里叶红外光谱仪(fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, FT-IR)与X-射线衍射(X-ray diffractometer, XRD)探究了淀粉分子短程和长程有序性。结果 研究表明, 淀粉-脂质复合物的形成使快消化淀粉含量显著降低, 慢消化淀粉和抗性淀粉含量显著增加。水热法制备中通过疏水相互作用得到的淀粉-脂质复合物利用氢键链接使其结构更加稳定, 体外消化速率呈降低趋势。其中玉米淀粉-卵磷脂复合物、玉米淀粉-硬脂酸复合物与玉米淀粉-肉豆蔻酸复合物为 V+B 型晶体结构, 玉米淀粉-大豆油复合物与玉米淀粉-玉米油复合物的晶型结构未发生改变。在五种淀粉-脂质复合物中, 玉米淀粉-卵磷脂复合物的水解率最低, 水解指数预估血糖指数分别为44.65%、64.22%, 所对应的曲奇饼干的水解指数与预估血糖指数也最低, 分别为51.68%、68.08%。结论 表明玉米淀粉-卵磷脂复合物适合作为新型淀粉-脂质复合物用于开发具有低血糖指数的饼干食品。     

蛋白质对淀粉的影响及其复合体系应用研究进展

淀粉和蛋白质是食品体系中两种重要的组分,二者之间的相互作用对淀粉的结构、理化性质及淀粉基食品的质构特性和消化性能具有重要影响。近年来,关于外源蛋白质对混合体系中淀粉—蛋白质相互作用的影响及其应用研究成为食品领域的研究热点。文章综述了淀粉和蛋白质相互作用方式,蛋白质对淀粉理化性质(糊化特性、回生特性、流变学特性、热力学特性和质构特性)及淀粉—蛋白质混合体系微观结构的影响,总结了蛋白质对混合体系中淀粉体外消化性的调控作用及机制,综述了该体系在食品加工中的应用研究进展。     

稻米中脂质对淀粉性质影响的研究进展（网络首发、推荐阅读）

脂质是稻米中除淀粉、蛋白质以外的一种重要组分,不仅具有独特的营养价值,且对淀粉的功能特性有很大影响。概述了稻米中脂质的种类、结构、分布及含量,讨论了淀粉与脂质的相互作用机理、结构特征与影响因素,及淀粉与脂质相互作用对淀粉特性的影响,包括溶胀、糊化、流变、回生和消化特性,为进一步研究稻米中淀粉与内源性脂质的相互作用及其对稻米淀粉性质的影响提供参考,有助于稻米品质改良及功能性稻米的开发。     

板栗的淀粉复合物与糯性关系综述

淀粉是板栗的主要成分,与板栗的糯性质地密切相关,同时淀粉中的蛋白质和脂质对淀粉的糯性口感也存在影响。本文综述板栗淀粉复合物(淀粉结合蛋白、淀粉结合脂)与糯性口感的关系,同时指出板栗产品研发在工业方面的应用及局限性。     

淀粉-多酚复合物理化及功能特性的研究进展

近年来,利用食品成分间的相互作用来调节食物的感官与功能特性已成为食品学科的研究热点。多酚与淀 粉的相互作用在食品中普遍存在,多数情况下可赋予食品优良特性并产生一定的功能效应。本文综述了国内外关于 多酚与淀粉间相互作用的研究进展,介绍了淀粉-多酚复合物的形成机理和模型,并对复合物中淀粉的理化特性、 消化特性以及多酚的包埋特性进行了探讨。淀粉与多酚类化合物的相互作用不但可以提高淀粉的抗消化性,而且能 够提高多酚的生物利用率,为开发能够预防、控制高血糖症等的功能性食品提供一定的理论依据。     

Starch–lipid and starch–lipid–protein complexes: A comprehensive review

Physical interactions often occur between major food components during food processing. These interactions may involve starch, lipids, and proteins forming V‐type starch–lipid complexes or ternary starch–lipid–protein complexes of larger molecular size and greater structural order. Complexes between starch and lipids have been the subject of intensive research for over half a century, whereas the study of starch–lipid–protein complexes is a relatively new field with only a limited amount of knowledge being gained so far. The formation of these complexes can significantly affect the functional and nutritional properties of finished food products in terms of flavor, texture, shelf life, and digestibility. This article provides a comprehensive review of starch–lipid and starch–lipid–protein complexes, including their classification, factors affecting their formation and structure, and preparative and analytical methods. The review also considers how complexes affect the physicochemical and functional properties of starch, including digestibility, and potential applications in the food industry.     

蛋白质-多酚复合物的形成机制及其功能性变化研究进展

不同来源的蛋白质是可食植物的主要成分,而多酚作为次生代谢产物在植物中大量存在。近年来多酚与蛋白质间的相互作用受到极大关注,二者形成的复合物对食品的感官、功能和营养特性产生影响。本文综述了蛋白质-多酚复合物的形成机制,介绍了可逆和不可逆相互作用的机理,并总结了复合物对食品体系功能性质、感官及营养学特性的影响,列举了蛋白质-多酚复合物近些年的研究方法,以期为蛋白质-多酚复合物的深入研究提供参考依据。     

超声改性对淀粉理化性质的影响及在食品中的应用研究进展

淀粉是人类饮食中重要的能量来源之一，也是食品工业中重要的原材料。天然淀粉易受外界环境影响，如温度、pH、剪切力等，加工不稳定，限制了淀粉在食品领域中的应用。因此，需要对淀粉进行改性以提高淀粉的功能性，淀粉常采用物理、化学和酶法改性。近年来，消费者对绿色健康食品的需求增大，研究者正在寻找一种安全、环保、高效的方法。超声改性淀粉具有绿色环保、处理简单、高效安全等优点，是一种很有潜力的物理改性方法，近年来成为了研究热点。采用超声改性淀粉的实验研究很多，但关于超声改性对淀粉影响的相关性综述较少，因此，本文综述了近年来有关超声改性淀粉的研究进展，主要阐述超声改性机理及超声对淀粉颗粒结构、糊化特性、流变特性、透明度的影响，讨论了超声与其它方法复合改性对淀粉理化性质的影响，对其在食品中的应用进展进行综述，为拓展改性淀粉深加工在食品领域中的应用提供理论依据。     

食品加工方式调控淀粉与多酚相互作用的研究进展

淀粉与多酚能够通过非共价键为主的作用力结合,形成具有不同理化性质、营养特性和生物利用率的淀粉-多酚复合物。本文从热、非热和联合处理角度出发,重点综述了近年来国内外利用不同食品加工方式调控淀粉与多酚相互作用的方法和效果,并对各类加工方式的调控机制进行了总结和比较。不同加工方式均通过对淀粉多尺度结构的改变来达到调控的效果。热加工以强烈的热效应影响淀粉的结构,更利于加强淀粉与多酚的接触和诱导新型结晶结构的生成。而非热加工对淀粉的结构影响普遍不及热加工,但能实现更为精细的加工效果。热-非热联合加工则能够进一步提高效率。通过对淀粉与多酚相互作用的调控现状进行分析,旨在为利用加工技术更好调控食品体系的品质提供参考。     

Dielectric and microwave-absorbing behavior of hydrated wheat starch-gluten systems in relation to water mobility

Microwave heating has become popular in wheat-based food processing owing to its environmental friendliness, high-efficiency and low energy consumption. Water plays an important role in microwave food processing as it is a highly dielectric material that can react with many food components while being dynamic in complex food systems and affecting the overall dielectric response. In this study, hydrated systems of wheat starch, gluten (GLU) and starch-GLU mixtures (CBF) with different moisture contents were prepared and the variation patterns of their water mobility, dielectric properties and microwave absorption properties were measured. The results of low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) analysis showed that water mobility was strongly influenced by moisture content and interactions between starch or GLU and water-restricted dynamic migration. In CBF, interactions between starch and water predominated under a reduced effect of GLU. As the water content increased, the complex permittivity showed an upward tendency, and the coupling capability of the hydrated systems with microwave was best at 35% moisture content. And the dielectric response and absorption characteristics of the hydrated systems fluctuated in a non-additive manner due to the interplay between moisture and the system components. Moreover, the correlation analysis was confirmed that the relationship between dielectric response behavior and water mobility, as higher water mobility more strongly influenced the augmentation of the dielectric characteristics and dominated changes in the locations of the microwave absorption peak and reflection loss value. These findings provide a possibility to manipulate the dielectric response changes of wheat-based materials under a microwave field through regulating the water mobility, thereby laying a theoretical basis to improve the utilization of microwave for wheat-based food production.     

Molecular Dynamics Simulation for Mechanism Elucidation of Food Processing and Safety: State of the Art

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is a useful technique to study the interaction between molecules and how they are affected by various processes and processing conditions. This review summarizes the application of MD simulations in food processing and safety, with an emphasis on the effects that emerging nonthermal technologies (for example, high hydrostatic pressure, pulsed electric field) have on the molecular and structural characteristics of foods and biomaterials. The advances and potential projection of MD simulations in the science and engineering aspects of food materials are discussed and focused on research work conducted to study the effects of emerging technologies on food components. It is expected by showing key case studies that it will stir novel developments as a valuable tool to study the effects of emerging food technologies on biomaterials. This review is useful to food researchers and the food industry, as well as researchers and practitioners working on flavor and nutraceutical encapsulations, dietary carbohydrate product developments, modified starches, protein engineering, and other novel food applications.     

膳食多酚对淀粉消化吸收的影响

近年来基于食品成分之间相互作用调节食品质地与功能特性的研究成为食品学科的研究热点。多酚与淀粉的相互作用在食品中广泛发生,二者的相互作用对调控加工食品的风味和质地、提高多酚的生物利用度、抑制淀粉的老化以及降低淀粉的消化吸收速度等具有重要作用。综述了多酚与淀粉的复合作用、多酚对淀粉消化酶活性的抑制以及多酚对肠道葡萄糖吸收转运的抑制作用,为利用食物成分与淀粉的相互作用开发预防和控制高血糖症的新型食品提供了参考。     

Effect of protein–starch interactions on starch retrogradation and implications for food product quality

Starch retrogradation is a consequential part of food processing that greatly impacts the texture and acceptability of products containing both starch and proteins, but the effect of proteins on starch retrogradation has only recently been explored. With the increased popularity of plant-based proteins in recent years, incorporation of proteins into starch-based products is more commonplace. These formulation changes may have unforeseen effects on ingredient functionality and sensory outcomes of starch-containing products during storage, which makes the investigation of protein–starch interactions and subsequent impact on starch retrogradation and product quality essential. Protein can inhibit or promote starch retrogradation based on its exposed residues. Charged residues promote charge–dipole interactions between starch-bound phosphate and protein, hydrophobic groups restrict amylose release and reassociation, while hydrophilic groups impact water/molecular mobility. Covalent bonds (disulfide linkages) formed between proteins may enhance starch retrogradation, while glycosidic bonds formed between starch and protein during high-temperature processing may limit starch retrogradation. With these protein–starch interactions in mind, products can be formulated with proteins that enhance or delay textural changes in starch-containing products. Future work to understand the impact of starch–protein interactions on retrogradation should focus on integrating the fields of proteomics and carbohydrate chemistry. This interdisciplinary approach should result in better methods to characterize mechanisms of interaction between starch and proteins to optimize their food applications. This review provides useful interpretations of current literature characterizing the mechanistic effect of protein on starch retrogradation.     

淀粉-酚酸复合物的制备及其应用研究进展

利用淀粉与酚酸之间的相互作用来改善天然淀粉的功能特性越来越受到人们的欢迎，物理、化学和酶催化法已广泛应用于淀粉-酚酸复合物的制备，如淀粉的预糊化处理、超声技术、高压剪切技术、球磨技术等。二者的相互作用可以通过改变淀粉的空间结构来抑制淀粉的水解，提高抗性淀粉在正常淀粉中的比例，酚酸能在体内外抑制淀粉消化酶的生物催化作用，这对控制餐后血糖具有重要意义。此外酚酸还能改善淀粉基薄膜的机械性能和功能特性，增强薄膜的抑菌效果，为未来开发食品储存包装活性材料提供了解决思路。本文综述了淀粉-酚酸复合物的制备方法，揭示了淀粉-酚酸复合物具有抗消化性和抑菌活性，以期推动淀粉-酚酸复合物能够广泛应用于调节血糖、预防代谢疾病以及充当活性包装的潜在材料。