Pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee: average five-year follow-up of arthroscopic treatment

We have reviewed the results of arthroscopic treatment of pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) with reference to both recurrence and to function. Between 1985 and 1995, a single surgeon treated eight patients. At an average 5-year follow-up, all patients were interviewed and had assessment of Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) knee score for both the affected and unaffected knees. Also recorded were age, sex, and whether disease was recurrent, localized, or diffuse. Disease recurred in 4 patients, all with diffuse PVNS, and 3 of them required a further arthroscopic synovectomy at a mean of 16 months after the index procedure. All patients had good or excellent functional results. There was no significant difference between HSS knee scores for affected and unaffected knees. Arthroscopic synovectomy is a successful treatment in patients with localized PVNS of the knee and results in a knee that is functionally not different from its unaffected partner.     

关节镜下和/或切开治疗膝关节弥漫型色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎疗效分析

目的探讨关节镜下和/或切开手术辅以术后关节外放疗治疗膝关节弥漫型色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎(pigmented villonodular synovitis,PVNS)的方法和疗效。方法 2000年9月-2010年8月,收治97例单膝弥漫型PVNS。男38例,女59例;年龄8～75岁,中位年龄33岁。病程1周～30年;复发患者10例。左膝52例,右膝45例。术前膝关节伸直(1.9±2.3)°,屈曲(122.9±5.6)°;Lysholm膝关节评分为(43.2±6.7)分,国际膝关节文献委员会(IKDC)膝关节功能主观评分为(53.2±5.7)分。根据是否合并关节外病变及病变部位,82例采用关节镜下关节前后病变滑膜切除术,3例采用关节镜下关节内病变滑膜切除联合小切口切除关节外病灶,9例采用关节镜下关节内病变滑膜切除及后方关节外软组织内病灶切除术,3例分期切除病灶并植骨。术后76例接受关节外放疗。结果术中1例损伤腘动脉,3例损伤腘静脉分支;术后3 d 1例膝关节血肿形成。其余患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无神经损伤等并发症发生。患者均获随访,随访时间1年3个月～11年2个月,中位时间61个月。89例患者随访期间无复发,术后15个月膝关节伸直(0.2±1.3)°,屈曲(135.9±6.6)°,Lysholm膝关节评分为(89.8±5.8)分,IKDC膝关节功能主观评分为(87.8±5.8)分,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。8例于术后6个月～8年复发,再次手术后患者膝关节轻度活动受限,无疼痛、肿胀。结论根据膝关节病变范围及程度,选择关节镜下和/或切开手术辅以关节外放疗治疗膝关节弥漫型PVNS可取得较好疗效。术后未接受正规放疗是复发重要因素之一,复发者病变易导致骨质破坏。     

Result of arthroscopic treatment of pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee

Purpose:We report 10 years’ experience in arthroscopic treatment of pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) of the knee in a series of patients affected by the localized or diffuse form of the disease. The purpose of the study is to critically examine the results of arthroscopic synovectomy in the knee affected by PVNS, to determine the safety and effectiveness of the procedure.Type of Study:Retrospective case analysis.Methods:The study population consists of 19 patients, with an average follow-up of 60 months (minimum, 12; maximum, 128). All patients underwent knee arthroscopy. The 3 standard portals were used; posteromedial and posterolateral portals were added if required. Four patients were affected by localized PVNS and were subject to partial synovectomy with excision of the pathologic tissue. The remaining 15 patients presented a diffuse form of PVNS; 7 of them underwent extended arthroscopic synovectomy and 8 underwent partial synovectomy. The diagnosis was confirmed by synovial biopsy.Results:In the group affected by the localized form of PVNS, the arthroscopic local excision resulted in a complete and persistent regression of the pathology. Among the patients affected by the diffuse form of PVNS, clinical results were better and the recurrence rate was lower in the group treated with extended synovectomy. No relevant complications were encountered. In particular, no cases of infection, stiffness, or neurovascular lesions were seen.Conclusions:Arthroscopic synovectomy is an appropriate treatment for knee PVNS. Extended synovectomy must be performed in all cases of diffuse PVNS.     

Combined partial arthroscopic synovectomy and radiation therapy for diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee

We present the results of combined partial arthroscopic synovectomy and low-dose external-beam radiation therapy (RT) in the treatment of diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) of the knee. Mechanical synovectomy is an effective tool in treating PVNS of the knee, but when used alone it may be insufficient to eliminate all affected tissue. Intra-articular radiation or external-beam radiation may be added to mechanical synovectomy to treat recurrence but is not routinely done at the time of initial synovectomy. Combining intra-articular synovectomy with RT at the initial treatment for PVNS of the knee may reduce the recurrence rate. We present a prospective study of the treatment of 22 patients with clinical, ultrasonic, and histologically confirmed findings of diffuse PVNS of the knee. Characteristic clinical findings included pain, swelling, and erythema. These patients were treated by the Arthroscopic Surgery Group of the Orthopaedic Service at the Hospital “Hermanos Ameijeiras” in Havana, Cuba from 1990 to 1998. The protocol included anterior (patellofemoral, medial, and lateral) arthroscopic synovectomy and postoperative RT with a total dose of 2,600 cGy. This combination therapy was effective in reducing symptoms of pain and edema, and in improving overall function of patients. Nineteen patients (86%) had good or excellent results at an average follow-up of 33 months (range, 26 to 76 months). Three patients had residual stiffness and swelling, 2 of whom also had pain. Three had clinically and ultrasonically confirmed recurrence of disease and were treated with repeat arthroscopic synovectomy without harmful effects from RT. In all of the cases requiring repeat arthroscopic synovectomy, we observed fibrous bands secondary to reorganization of synovial inflamed tissue, meniscal retraction, and microscopic findings of fibrosis and cellular paucity. Partial arthroscopic synovectomy combined with low-dose RT in anti-inflammatory doses produced good results in the treatment of PVNS without significant complications in our patient series. Partial arthroscopic synovectomy of the knee for PVNS may be combined with RT to reduce the risk of disease recurrence. Adjuvant RT should also be considered for patients receiving a radical synovectomy to treat inaccessible or hidden disease sites. Rates of recurrence with combined partial (anterior) synovectomy and RT approach that of complete synovectomy in this series. Combining RT with radical arthroscopic synovectomy might further reduce recurrence rates.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related Surgery, Vol 17, No 5 (May-June), 2001: pp 527–531     

关节镜联合髌上囊小切口滑膜切除术治疗膝关节弥漫型色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎的疗效分析

目的：探讨应用关节镜结合髌上囊小切口切开滑膜切除治疗膝关节弥漫型色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎（ PVNS）患者的疗效。方法本组对2006年1月至2011年12月因膝关节弥漫型PVNS的32例患者进行回顾性分析,该组患者全部采用膝关节镜结合髌上囊局部切开滑膜切除的治疗方法。本研究对患者的基本情况、治疗方法、复发率和症状进展进行的记录,最短随访时间为7个月（平均中位数为49.8个月;范围7～141个月）。结果应用膝关节镜结合髌上囊局部切开滑膜切除方法治疗PVNS的复发率低（6.3％）,肿胀和疼痛术后好转,其中明显好转没有疼痛和活动不适的为50％,而关节炎持续进展的为11.1％,但是没有患者在最后随访期内发展进行膝关节置换。最常见的并发症为血肿,发生率为3％,但是没有发现对患者术后疗效产生明显影响。术前KSS临床评分为（62.7±17.7）分;功能评分为（45.0±24.0）分,术后临床KSS评分（85.2±10.9）分;功能评分（79.5±12.3）分,比较均有统计学差异（临床KSS评分：t＝4.456,P＜0.001;功能KSS评分：t＝5.279,P＜0.001）;而Lysholm评分术前（64.7±15.0）分,术后提高到（83.2±8.4）分,二者间比较有统计学差异（ t＝4.451,P＜0.001）。结论结合相关文献报道,膝关节镜结合髌上囊局部切开滑膜切除方法是治疗膝关节弥漫型PVNS的较好方法,有着较低的复发率和并发症。     

Low-dose external beam radiotherapy as a postoperative treatment for patients with diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee

Background and purpose Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is a rare proliferative disorder involving synovial membranes, and patients with PVNS have a variable prognosis. We retrospectively analyzed clinical outcomes after synovectomy plus low-dose external beam radiotherapy for diffuse PVNS of the knee.

Methods We reviewed the medical records of 23 patients who underwent postoperative radiotherapy between 1998 and 2007. 19 patients had primary disease and 4 had recurrent disease with an average of 2.5 prior surgeries. After synovectomy (17 arthroscopic surgeries; 6 open), all 23 patients received 4-MV or 6-MV external beam radiotherapy with a median dose of 20 (12–34) Gy in 10 fractions.

Results At a median follow-up of 9 (0.8–12) years, 4 patients had recurrent disease, with a median disease-free interval of 5 years. Of these 4 patients, 3 received salvage synovectomy and regained local control. Univariate analysis showed that age, sex, history of trauma, and total dose of radiation were not predictive of local control. 22 patients reported excellent or good joint function, and 1 who refused salvage synovectomy had poor joint function. None of the patients experienced grade 3 or higher radiation-related toxicity or radiation-induced secondary malignancies.

Interpretation Postoperative external beam radiotherapy is an effective and acceptable modality to prevent local recurrence and preserve joint function in patients with diffuse PVNS of the knee. Low-dose (20 Gy) radiotherapy appears to be as effective as moderate-dose treatment (around 35 Gy).     

Arthroscopic treatment of pigmented villonodular synovitis of the knee.

Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is a rare disease, with multiple forms, anatomic sites, and treatment methods having been described. During a 10-year period, 14 patients, 7 male and 7 female, average age 35 years (range, 19 to 64 years) were treated for PVNS with arthroscopic partial or total synovectomy. Average follow-up was 42 months (range, 8 to 83 months). Twelve patients had diffuse and 2 had a localized form. Results were assessed subjectively, clinically, and radiographically, and were rated as excellent, good, fair, or poor. There were no complications and 10 patients (72%) were rated as excellent or good, 2 patients (14%) as fair, and 2 patients (14%) as poor. The recurrence rate was 14% and occurred in the group with diffuse PVNS. Radiographs did not show any bone erosion. The most widely accepted treatment for PVNS is synovectomy, and both open and arthroscopic synovectomy have been advocated as treatment. Advantages of arthroscopic treatment include accurate evaluation of the knee joint, treatment of other pathology, more rapid rehabilitation, decreased risk of joint stiffness, and less pain. In our experience, it appears that arthroscopic synovectomy is an effective method of treatment of this disorder.     

Clinical and oncological outcomes after surgical excision of pigmented villonodular synovitis at the foot and ankle

BackgroundPigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is a rare benign neoplastic disease of the synovium of joints and tendon sheaths, which may be locally aggressive. It can be broadly classified into localised disease or more diffuse forms, with the latter more prone to recurrence after surgical excision. We describe our experience in the management of foot and ankle PVNS, focusing on the diffuse type.MethodsPatients with PVNS were identified from a histology database from 2000 to 2010 at the University Hospitals of Leicester. The primary aim was to determine oncological outcomes and evaluate clinical outcomes with the Toronto Extremity Salvage Score (TESS) and the American Academy of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (AOFAS) scores.Results30 patients, 16 males and 14 females with a mean age of 37 ± 15 years, who underwent surgery, were identified. There were 22 nodular PVNS and 8 diffuse PVNS. The diffuse PVNS was more likely to be in the hindfoot (75%, 6/8), of which 50% (3/6) had osteoarthritis at presentation. The localised PVNS was mostly located in the forefoot (91%, 20/22). None of the localised PVNS had a recurrence. The surgical recurrence rate in this series was similar to the pooled recurrence rate from the literature [12.5% (1/8) compared to 12.2% (6/49)]. The mean TESS and AOFAS scores were 86 and 78, respectively.ConclusionsDiffuse PVNS is more likely to occur in the hindfoot and nodular PVNS is more common in the forefoot. Aggressive synovectomy alone is an effective treatment for diffuse PVNS, with good oncological and clinical outcomes.     

关节镜术治疗色素绒毛结节性滑膜炎

目的：讨论关节镜下治疗色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎。方法：1987年6月以来共行关节镜下滑膜刨削术治疗21例,其中膝关节19例,腕和踝关节各1例。结果：无手术并发症,病人早期恢复良好。全部病例经过平均3年8个月随访,优良率为80.9%。局限型疗效好于弥漫型。复发3例,复发率14.3%,全部为弥漫型,再次手术亦有效。结论：关节镜术诊断和治疗色素沉着绒毛结了性滑膜炎均有明显的优点。     

人工全膝关节置换术治疗终末期膝关节病变合并膝外翻畸形的手术技巧及临床疗效评价

目的探讨对终末期膝关节病变合并膝外翻畸形患者行经髌旁内侧入路人工全膝关节置换(total kneearthroplasty,TKA)时膝外翻畸形矫正方法及临床疗效。方法 1998年11月-2010年10月,收治64例72膝合并膝外翻畸形的终末期膝关节病变患者。男18例,女46例;年龄23～82岁,平均62.5岁。骨关节炎44例49膝,类风湿性关节炎17例20膝,血友病性关节炎2例2膝,创伤性关节炎1例1膝。双膝8例,单膝56例。膝关节屈伸活动度为(82.2±28.7)°,X线片测量股胫角为(18.0±5.8)°。膝关节学会评分系统(KSS)临床评分为(31.2±10.1)分,功能评分(37.3±9.0)分。根据Krackow膝外翻分型标准:Ⅰ型65膝,Ⅱ型7膝。手术经髌旁内侧入路,采用常规方法行股骨及胫骨截骨,Ranawat技术进行软组织松解。6例7膝采用保留后交叉韧带型假体,54例60膝采用后稳定型假体,4例5膝采用髁限制型假体。结果术后患者切口均Ⅰ期愈合。1例血友病性关节炎合并严重膝外翻畸形(股胫角41°)、屈曲挛缩20°的患者术后出现腓总神经麻痹,经保守治疗1年后神经功能恢复。1例术后2年发生深部感染,行二期翻修术后治愈。患者术后均获随访,随访时间1～13年,平均4.9年。末次随访时X线片示股胫角为(7.0±2.5)°,与术前比较差异有统计学意义(t=15.502,P=0.000)。KSS临床评分为(83.0±6.6)分,功能评分(85.1±10.5)分,膝关节屈伸活动度为(106.1±17.0)°,与术前比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。5例遗留12～15°膝外翻畸形,但患膝关节功能良好。结论通过恰当的术中截骨和软组织平衡,采用经髌旁内侧入路TKA治疗合并膝外翻畸形的终末期膝关节病变可有效改善膝外翻畸形和恢复关节功能,临床疗效满意。     

Treatment of Diffuse Pigmented Villonodular Synovitis of the Knee with Combined Surgical and Radiosynovectomy

Treatment of extensive diffuse pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) of large joints by isolated surgical resection is unsatisfactory, with high rates of local recurrence. Post-synovectomy adjuvant treatment with external beam radiation therapy or intra-articular injection of radioactive material as yttrium-90 (⁹⁰Y) yielded better results. Between January 2005 and January 2007, 12 patients (eight men and four women aged 19–49 years) with extensive diffuse PVNS of the knee were treated. All patients had an adjuvant post-operative external beam radiation therapy (2,600–3,000 cGy) conventionally fractionated 200 cGy/fraction, five fractions/week, 6–8 weeks after surgery. Mean follow-up time was 27 months (range from 20 to 36 months). All patients were followed up using clinical assessment, magnetic resonance imaging, and plain X-ray. In all patients, neither evidence of disease recurrence nor progression of bone or articular destruction was noted. No complications were noticed after surgery or after post-operative external beam radiation therapy. A combination of debulking surgery using anterior and posterior approach with adjuvant post-operative external beam radiation therapy for extensive diffuse PVNS of the knee joint is a reliable treatment method, with good results in regard to the incidence of local recurrence and functional outcome. Level of evidence: level IV—retrospective case series     

Prognosis of Advanced Tenosynovial Giant Cell Tumor of the Knee Diagnosed During Total Knee Arthroplasty

Background

Tenosynovial giant cell tumor (TGCT) is a relatively rare disease often misdiagnosed as osteoarthritis. Synovectomy or arthroplasty is the recommended treatment option, but recurrence is common after surgery. This study aimed to determine the prognosis of patients with advanced TGCT that was diagnosed incidentally during total knee arthroplasty (TKA) for osteoarthritis and treated by synovectomy.

Pigmented villonodular synovitis: a retrospective study of seventy five cases (eighty one joints)

Purpose

Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is a relatively rare, benign proliferation lesion of the synovium of large joints, but there is not much information available about the disease’s aetiology, clinical history, differential diagnosis, treatment, and long-term effects. We conducted a study to analyse these aspects of PVNS.

Methods

We reviewed all clinical data for 75 patients with PVNS (81 joints) who were treated either by synovectomy alone or synovectomy plus arthroplasty.

Results

In all cases, the diagnosis of PVNS was confirmed by pathological examination. The ratio of males to females was 27:48, and the average age of patients was 46 years (range, 15–80 years). Lesions were located in the knee, hip, or ankle, and pain and swelling were the main symptoms. Of 75 patients, 42 had a history of trauma to the involved joint. Forty-one patients (43 joints) underwent synovectomy alone, and 34 patients (38 joints) underwent synovectomy and arthroplasty together. Of the 75 patients, 61 had full follow-up data. Twelve patients had recurrent legions detected by pathological examinations; four patients had more than two recurrences. Moreover, five patients developed PVNS after arthroplasty.

Conclusions

PVNS occurs most often in middle-aged women and most frequently involves the knee, followed by the hip and ankle. The disease’s etiology is varied and unclear. Surgical excision alone or with arthroplasty is an effective treatment, but there is a high rate of recurrence.     

色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎行全髋关节置换术治疗的临床评估

目的回顾性研究全髋关节置换术结合滑膜切除治疗晚期髋关节色素沉着绒毛结节性滑膜炎(PVNS)的临床效果。方法对2000年10月至2010年6月间行髋关节切开滑膜清理加人工髋关节置换术治疗的13例晚期髋关节PVNS感染性患者进行回顾性研究,其中8例为局限型,5例为弥漫型,平均年龄33.7岁(21～65岁)。患者术前活动受限症状明显,术前检查提示关节面破坏,关节间隙狭窄,严重的伴有股骨头变形。术中采用关节切开滑膜广泛清理人工髋关节置换。随访分析患者功能恢复情况,比较术前、术后Harris评分及复发情况。结果 10例患者平均术后随访5.6年(0.5～10.3年),未出现复发,假体稳定,Harris评分从术前的47.6分提高到90.8分,能进行日常活动。3例出现复发,其中1例再次行切开清理术,术后良好;1例目前暂时行放射治疗;1例因复发面积广泛压迫下肢血液循环,减容手术无效最终行髋关节离断术。结论全髋关节置换结合增生滑膜切除是治疗局限型PVNS伴有骨质破坏的合适手术方式,能极大改善临床症状,复发率较低。对于弥漫型的治疗,复发率较高,仍待观察。     

Resection arthroplasty for failed patellar components

A total of 1,401 primary total knee arthroplasties (TKA) were reviewed; 44 (3.2%) had at least the patellar component revised. Nine of these knees (eight patients) had insufficient bone stock to allow reimplantation of another patellar component. Clinical data on the nine knees were obtained with recent follow-up evaluation, review of their medical records and radiographs. Evaluation included Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) scores. Average follow-up was 4 years and 7 months, 2-year range (2 months to 8 years and 4 months). Common factors found in these nine knees included: thin patella after primary TKR status, osteoarthritis, good range of motion and patella alta. Results were good to excellent in seven knees and fair in two. The untoward associations with patellectomy such as quadriceps lag, extension weakness and anterior knee pain were not experienced. Resection of the patellar component, without reimplantation, is an acceptable alternative in revision TKA lacking adequate remaining bone stock.     

Use of polymethylmethacrylate to treat pigmented villonodular synovitis in the posterior compartment of the knee

Pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) is a benign process that mainly affects the knee joint. There are two types of PVNS, a localised and a diffuse form. Although adjuvant therapies are possible, the treatment consists of arthroscopic or open synovectomy of the affected area. The most common complication is local recurrence. We report the case of a patient with PVNS and osteolysis of the femoral condyle, treated with anterior arthroscopic synovectomy and posterior approach for the treatment of the femoral condyle erosion. The bone erosion was treated with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement. There are no publications indexed in our knowledge that explain the treatment of PVNS associated with bone erosion by PMMA. Nine years after the procedure, the patient is leading a fully active life with no evidence of active disease.