低渗透砂岩油藏渗吸采油技术

为了提高低渗透油藏采收率,分析了影响采收率的因素,低渗透油藏的主要特点是是储层物性差(孔隙度低,渗透率低)、地层流体自然渗流能力差、产能低、产能递减快。水的自发渗吸对提高低渗透油藏采收率十分有利,通过渗吸实验研究了低渗透砂岩油藏渗吸规律,结果表明亲水岩心渗吸量与时间呈指数增加关系,渗吸采收率受岩样接触面积、孔隙度、渗透率等因素影响,渗吸采油将为低渗透砂岩油藏的开发提供新的思路,该成果对提高低渗透油藏采收率具有重要意义。     

川中大安寨裂缝性油藏渗吸注水实验研究

渗吸注水是低渗透裂缝性油藏注水开采的重要机理,合理的注水方式与注水参数对改善低渗透裂缝性油藏水驱开发效果具有指导意义。通过大量的室内实验研究,获得了大安寨油藏基质岩块自然渗吸动态规律和脉冲渗吸动态规律,为制定合理的油藏渗吸注水开发方式提供了理论依据。     

低渗透裂缝性油藏渗吸数值模拟研究

低渗透裂缝性油藏作为一种特殊的油藏,裂缝很发育,基质非常致密,普遍存在孔隙度小、孔隙压力低和储层渗透率低等特点。因此其采收率相对较低,开采成本较高,经济效益亦较低。低渗透裂缝性油藏的生产机理主要表现为裂缝系统中的水靠毛细管力作用渗入岩块排油。因此,亲水的致密岩块、水的毛细管自吸作用是主要的采油机理。应用数值模拟方法,建立双重介质模型。结果表明,裂缝发育程度、黏度比、基质毛管力大小、初始含水饱和度为影响渗吸的关键因素。明确了主要地质因素、开发因素对渗吸的控制作用和作用机理,为渗吸开发低渗透裂缝性油藏具有一定指导意义。     

致密油藏自发静态渗吸实验及影响因素

自发渗吸对致密砂岩油藏的注水开发有着重要意义,理想情况下自发渗吸驱油效率可以达到50%以上,目前国内外学者对致密储层自发静态渗吸研究不够系统和深入,实验模型不能真实和全面地反映储层物性及流体对自发渗吸的影响规律。针对以上问题,设计制作了典型区块致密储层天然岩芯和人造岩芯,开展了致密储层多因素自发静态渗吸实验,系统研究了渗吸时间、岩芯长度、岩芯孔隙度、地层水矿化度、岩芯渗透率、初始含水饱和度、界面张力及润湿性对致密储层渗吸驱油效率和渗吸速度的影响程度,定量评价了不同因素下渗吸驱油效果的变化规律。结果表明,影响渗吸驱油的主要因素为润湿性、孔隙度、渗透率、界面张力,初始含水饱和度次之,岩芯长度及地层水矿化度对渗吸驱油效率的影响最弱,作用强度最小,研究结果对致密储层有效注水开发提供了实验和理论依据。     

考虑裂缝变形的低渗透双重介质油藏数值模拟研究

针对玉门青西低渗透裂缝性油藏地质条件的复杂性,通过实验研究了该类油藏开采过程中裂缝的变形特征及其对渗透率和油井产能的影响;研究了水驱过程中的渗吸采油机理.在此基础上,建立了将裂缝变形与基质渗吸作用集为一体的变形双重介质油藏数值模拟模型,利用该模型开展了裂缝变形、渗吸采油、周期注水对开发效果影响的模拟研究.采用变形双重介质油藏数值模拟技术对青西低渗透裂缝性油藏多方案开发指标进行了预测,给出了该油藏优化的开发方案.     

鄂尔多斯盆地长7页岩储层压裂液渗吸规律及原油微观动用特征

为揭示鄂尔多斯盆地长7页岩油藏压裂液渗吸排油规律,评价渗吸阶段原油微观动用特征,选取典型的互层状页岩和厚层状页岩岩心样品,利用低场核磁共振技术结合室内高温高压渗吸模拟装置,开展页岩油藏压裂液渗吸排油室内动态模拟实验,定量评价页岩油藏压后渗吸阶段,不同尺度孔喉的压裂液渗吸速度、渗吸采收率及原油微观动用特征。结果表明,页岩油藏压裂液渗吸过程可分为高速渗吸阶段和稳定渗吸阶段,渗吸作用前6 h是高效渗吸阶段,此时的渗吸速率最高可以达到3.08%/h;互层状页岩储层的较小孔喉的渗吸速率及渗吸采收率显著高于较大孔喉,较小孔喉对渗吸采收率的贡献程度可达到81.18%;厚层状页岩压裂液在不同尺度孔喉中的渗吸采收率接近。在页岩油藏压裂阶段,页岩储层渗透率和黏土矿物含量是影响压裂液渗吸效果的主要控制因素,相关成果及认识可为页岩油藏压裂方案优化提供理论支撑。     

裂缝性低渗油藏周期注水与渗吸效应实验

结合长岩心周期注水实验与不同压降条件下的渗吸实验,得出了渗吸效应在周期注水中所起的作用,进行了不同周期下的周期注水实验、无压降条件下的静态渗吸实验、不同压力及压降幅度下的动态渗吸实验,并将三者进行了对比.研究结果表明,周期注水在裂缝性低渗透油藏的开采中效果明显;低渗透基质油藏中毛管力具有较强作用;压力波动幅度对渗吸效应的影响呈先减小后增大的趋势,综合低渗透油藏中较强的压敏性,得出周期间歇性注水实验过程中,压力波动幅度较低才能获得较高采收率.     

基于吼道分布特征的致密砂岩渗吸模型研究

自发渗吸作用是致密砂岩油藏重要采油机理,正确理解渗吸机理,充分发挥渗吸作用,对提高致密砂岩油藏的采收率具有重要意义。基于LW模型,根据恒速压汞试验喉道分布特征,建立了渗吸初期,自发渗吸质量与渗吸时间的关系式。选取长庆油田B418和B456两块岩心进行恒速压汞试验和渗吸试验,两块岩心根据解析模型求得的结果与渗吸试验结果吻合度较高,说明该方法正确可靠。试验结果同时表明, 致密砂岩自发渗吸与喉道半径相关,喉道半径越小,毛细管力也就越大,其渗吸时间也就越长,渗吸量也越大。     

一维水平自发渗吸无因次模型及其数值解

对影响渗吸特征的油藏参数进行归整, 导出考虑毛细管回压的一维自发渗吸问题无因次模型。该模型选取水相归一化饱和度和无量纲压力作为主未知变量, 毛管压力函数只在模型的一个偏微分方程中出现, 便于数值求解。在求解该模型的全隐式守恒型差分格式中, 对两邻点间饱和度函数取平均饱和度下的值, 就可以得到该问题的数值解。通过对幂律型相对渗透率和毛管压力曲线情形下此模型数值解的讨论, 指出前人关于一维不可压自发渗吸问题解析解所用的假设条件只对纯逆向渗吸有一定的适用性。通过多个同逆并发渗吸算例, 得到油藏参数变化对渗吸动态特征影响的初步认识。     

低渗透油藏动态渗吸机理实验研究及数字岩心模拟

在低渗油藏的开发过程中,渗吸作用对于产量提升起到重要作用.传统的岩心渗流实验难以从微观的角度较为清晰地描述岩石物性、孔喉分布、岩石组分构成等特征.利用数字岩心技术建立孔隙网络模型,对真实岩心孔隙结构进行渗吸模拟分析具有重要意义.对松辽盆地某区域岩心样品通过综合微计算机断层扫描技术(micro computed tomography,Micro-CT)、数字岩心分析技术,实现低渗储层数字岩心渗吸过程的模拟,与实验室岩心自发渗吸实验对照,结果表明,利用数字岩心技术模拟得到的孔隙度、渗透率参数与实验室测量结果相差较小,提取的孔隙网络模型与真实岩心误差较小,从而可以保证数字岩心得到的两相渗流模拟结果具有较高的可信度,为油藏渗吸作用的机理研究提供了新的思路,对指导实际油藏开发具有重要意义.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.