室管膜下区神经干细胞的恶性转化与胶质母细胞瘤发生发展的研究进展

摘 要：胶质母细胞瘤(glioblastoma，GBM)是原发性中枢神经系统肿瘤中最具侵袭性的恶性肿瘤。GBM标准治疗包括尽可能的手术切除与辅以放、化疗为主的综合治疗。室管膜下区（subventricular zone， SVZ）含有大量的神经干细胞，可恶性转化为胶质瘤干细胞，与肿瘤的发生、增殖、治疗抵抗和复发关系密切。全文就室管膜下区神经干细胞与GBM中的胶质瘤干细胞之间的关系，以及室管膜下区治疗进展作一综述。     

原发与继发性胶质母细胞瘤相关基因表达分析

胶质母细胞瘤（glioblastoma，GBM）是颅内最常见的原发中枢神经系统肿瘤，以高度变异的生物行为为特征，约占脑肿瘤的半数以上，是恶性程度最高的肿瘤，其中位生存期不到一年。目前，大多数文献将胶质母细胞瘤分为由低级别星形细胞瘤发展而来的继发性胶质母细胞瘤（secondary glioblastoma）和不表现低度病变恶性前期的原发性胶质母细胞瘤（primary glioblastoma）两类。     

胶质母细胞瘤循环肿瘤细胞的研究进展

胶质母细胞瘤（glioblastoma, GBM）是恶性程度极高的肿瘤,即使在手术、放射治疗和化学治疗等多重方案联合治疗下,大部分GBM患者还是因复发死亡。胶质母细胞瘤患者预后极差不仅与肿瘤细胞侵袭和增殖相关,而且还与肿瘤监测手段尚欠成熟有关。研究发现循环肿瘤细胞（circulating tumor cells, CTCs）能够在GBM患者血液中能检测到,它在GBM的复发过程中发挥极其重要的作用。因此,胶质母细胞瘤CTCs的检测技术及其临床意义成为当下研究热点之一。     

神经胶质母细胞瘤转化医学的研究现状和进展

<正>恶性胶质瘤(MG)是颅内常见的原发性肿瘤。其中,多形胶质母细胞瘤(GBM)恶性程度最高,局部侵润性强,手术难以彻底切除,术后复发率高,患者中位生存期(MST)不足1年。近年来,胶质母细胞瘤的分子生物学、尤其在肿瘤发生     

神经母细胞瘤中Topo-Ⅱ表达的临床病理意义及预后分析

目的：探讨神经母细胞瘤中拓扑异构酶-Ⅱ（Topo-Ⅱ）表达的临床病理及预后意义。方法：采用免疫组化S—P法检测72例神经母细胞瘤组织中Topo-Ⅱ蛋白表达，分析其表达与神经母细胞瘤临床病理特征和患者生存时间的关系。结果：Topo-Ⅱ蛋白在神经母细胞瘤中阳性表达率为45．83％（33／72）。Topo-Ⅱ表达与神经母细胞转移密切相关（P〈0．05），而与瘤患者的年龄、性别、肿块大小、肿瘤分化程度、局部浸润和临床病理分期无显著相关性（P〉0．05）；与患者的生存时间呈负相关（P〈0．05）。结论：Topo-Ⅱ蛋白可以作为评价神经母细胞瘤转移和预后的分子生物学指标，研究其表达为神经母细胞瘤的化学治疗和预后评估提供理论依据。     

脑胶质母细胞瘤术后辅助治疗的研究进展

恶性胶质瘤（MG）是颅内常见的原发性肿瘤。其中,多形胶质母细胞瘤（GBM）是恶性程度最高的肿瘤,GBM呈浸润性生长,单纯手术往往难以彻底根除,术后复发率很高,中位生存期（MST）多为9—15个月。近年来GBM的临床治疗取得了一些进展,许多学者越来越重视手术后的其他治疗方法,包括放疗、化疗、分子靶向治疗等。     

RNA甲基化修饰在胶质母细胞瘤发生发展中的研究进展

胶质母细胞瘤（glioblastoma,GBM）是一种高度恶性的原发性中枢神经系统肿瘤,患者预后差。RNA甲基化修饰作为一种广泛研究的表观遗传机制,已被证明在肿瘤的发生和发展中发挥重要作用。该文旨在探讨各种RNA甲基化修饰方式在GBM发生发展中的研究进展,为探索更有效的治疗策略提供新方向。     

高分级胶质瘤的放化综合治疗

胶质瘤是起源于神经胶质细胞的肿瘤，主要包括星形细胞肿瘤、少突胶质细胞肿瘤和混合性胶质细胞肿瘤。星形细胞瘤是胶质瘤中最常见的类型，其中的间变性星形细胞瘤又称恶性星形细胞瘤，属WHOⅢ级。临床常将恶性星形细胞瘤和胶质母细胞瘤统称为恶性胶质瘤，而将Ⅲ级胶质瘤（如间变性星形细胞瘤，间变性少突胶质细胞瘤）、胶质母细胞瘤、胶质肉瘤等统称为高分级胶质瘤。     

神经肿瘤领域的新动态

神经系统原发肿瘤发病卒小高，但存青壮年相对高发；在恶性实体瘤患者中20％～40％最终会发生脑转移，所以．神经肿瘤学有其特殊的重要地位？神经肿瘤学领域是一个多学科参与的交叉学科，除神经外科医生外，还有神经肿瘤病理、肿瘤放射治疗、神经影像、肿瘤化疗医生等参与。近年来，神经肿瘤学领域在包括中国在内的亚洲地区也得到了重视，神经肿瘤（内）科医师正在成长。与肿瘤学其它领域一样，神经肿瘤学也已深入到了分子水平 分子／功能影像已是神经肿瘤诊断的趋势；而神经肿瘤的分子病理诊断，将是个体化治疗的前提：虽然神经肿瘤特别是胶质憎的化疗，临床上在近20年改观甚小，然而最具代表性的进展是新药替莫唑胺（Temozolomide）在临床的成功心用和分子靶向治疗的尝试。     

节细胞神经母细胞瘤的临床病理学及免疫组化研究

节细胞神经母细胞瘤与（ｇａｎｇｌｉｏｅｕｒｏｂｌａｓｔｏｍａｎ，ＧＮＢ）与神经母细胞瘤（ｍｅｕｒｏｂｌａｓｔｏｍａｎ，ＮＢ）和神经节细胞瘤（ｇａｎｇｌｉｏｎｅｕｒｏｍａｎ，ＧＮ）是同源性不同分化程度的肿瘤。前者的分化程度界于后两者之间。本文报告我院４０年来１１例ＧＮＡ的研究结果，探讨这种可见肿瘤的临床病理学特征，免疫组化及癌基因产物表达情况。１０例患者为２－６岁，１例为４４岁；８例男性，３例女性；     

Bacteria and cancer--antagonisms and benefits

There is considerable historical and recent evidence concerning the antagonisms between acute bacterial infections or their toxins and cancer and allied diseases. These data provide renewed incentives to undertake clinical programmes with mixed bacterial vaccines in many countries at the present time.     

Religiosity and physical and emotional functioning among African American and White colorectal and lung cancer patients

The literature suggests that religiosity helps cope with illness. The present study examined the role of religiosity in functioning among African Americans and Whites with a cancer diagnosis. Patients were recruited from an existing study and mailed a religiosity survey. Participants (N = 269; 36% African American, 56% women) completed the mail survey, and interview data from the larger cohort was utilized in the analysis. Multivariate analyses indicated that in the overall sample religious behaviors were marginally and positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Among women, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Religiosity was not a predictor of study outcomes for men. Among African Americans, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and vitality. Among Whites, religious behaviors were negatively associated with depressive symptoms. These findings suggest a mixed role of religious involvement in cancer outcomes. The current findings may have applied potential in the areas of emotional functioning and depression.     

Genetic polymorphisms of alcohol and aldehyde dehydrogenases and risk for esophageal and head and neck cancers

Alcoholic beverages are causally related to cancer of the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx and esophagus. Ethanol is oxidized to acetaldehyde and then to acetate by alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), both of which have genetic polymorphisms. A review of case-control studies of the effects of ALDH2, ADH2 and ADH3 genotypes shows consistently positive associations between inactive heterozygous ALDH2 and the less-active ADH2 genotypes and the risk for esophageal cancer in East Asian heavy drinkers and this enzyme-related vulnerability may extend to light-to-moderate drinkers. Some studies suggest similar associations with the risk for head and neck cancer in moderate-to-heavy-drinking Japanese. An established carcinogen in experimental animals, acetaldehyde can interact with human DNA. ALDH2-associated cancer susceptibility fits into a scenario in which acetaldehyde plays a critical role in the development of human cancer. Alcohol flushing and drinking behavior may partly explain this carcinogenic effect in carriers of less-active ADH2 genotypes. Whether the ADH3 genotype influences head and neck cancer risk in Western nations is controversial. Professional and public education about risky conditions connected to the ALDH2 and ADH2 genotypes and environmental factors is important in a new strategic approach to the prevention of alcohol-related cancers in East Asians. The use of simple tests to identify inactive ALDH2 on the basis of alcohol flushing responses could benefit many people, by helping them to identify their own cancer risks. Such testing could also help clinicians diagnose esophageal cancer earlier, through the use of endoscopic screening in the high-risk population.     

Religiosity and Physical and Emotional Functioning Among African American and White Colorectal and Lung Cancer Patients

The literature suggests that religiosity helps cope with illness. The present study examined the role of religiosity in functioning among African Americans and Whites with a cancer diagnosis. Patients were recruited from an existing study and mailed a religiosity survey. Participants (N = 269; 36% African American, 56% women) completed the mail survey, and interview data from the larger cohort was utilized in the analysis. Multivariate analyses indicated that in the overall sample religious behaviors were marginally and positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Among women, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Religiosity was not a predictor of study outcomes for men. Among African Americans, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and vitality. Among Whites, religious behaviors were negatively associated with depressive symptoms. These findings suggest a mixed role of religious involvement in cancer outcomes. The current findings may have applied potential in the areas of emotional functioning and depression.     

Renal irradiation and the pharmacology and toxicity of methotrexate and cisplatinum

We used a rat model to study the effects of renal irradiation on the pharmacology of methotrexate (MTX) and cisplatinum (cis-Pt). Unanesthetized rats were given bilateral kidney irradiation (20 Gy in 9 fractions). At 9 months after irradiation, 3% of the animals had died and survivors showed moderately impaired renal function. At 15 months, 30% of the animals had died and survivors showed severely impaired renal function. Some animals were given i.v. MTX 1 week to 15 months after irradiation. In irradiated rats, the area under the MTX plasma clearance curve equaled that of controls through 6 months, and was significantly above controls from 9 months on. Other animals were given i.p. cis-Pt 1 week to 9 months after irradiation. The acute toxicity of cis-Pt was the same in control and irradiated rats when cis-Pt was given immediately before or after irradiation. Beginning 3 months after irradiation there was a progressive increase in cis-Pt toxicity and a simultaneous decrease in urinary platinum excretion. Irradiated animals that survived cis-Pt treatment showed increased radiation nephritis; the greatest effect occurred when cis-Pt was given 3 months or more after irradiation. MTX and cis-Pt clearance decreased when renal dysfunction was first observed and changes in renal function preceded changes in drug clearance and toxicity.