化工过程非稳态开工的缓冲升温修正切换控制

化工过程的开工大多表现为一个升温过程。为满足升温过程的快速性而又不失稳定性的要求,有学者提出将时间最优Bang-Bang控制与其他控制方法结合来控制升温过程,但由于Bang-Bang控制对切换次数和切换点要求严格,致使其在实际应用中不够理想。在Bang-Bang组合控制的基础上引入缓冲升温控制,将整个控制系统分为4部分:全幅升温、全幅降温、缓冲升温、PID控制。将温度变化率作为缓冲升温与PID控制的切换变量,将修正切换控制问题等价为非线性规划问题,优化选取全幅升温、全幅降温、缓冲升温最优切换时间点。实例对比分析表明,该切换开工控制方案不仅避免了因切换次数与切换点选取不当导致的不良问题,且超调小,稳定快。     

基于高斯混合模型与主元分析的多模型切换方法

针对多模型预测控制的模型切换问题,提出了一种基于工况判断的多模型切换方法,利用工业过程中的可测变量综合反映系统的动态特性,根据动态特性的变化进行多模型切换。首先利用高斯混合模型(GMM)将历史数据划分为若干个工况,然后利用不同工况下的历史数据建立负荷向量矩阵和预测模型,最后根据主元模型的平方预报误差(SPE)选择预测模型。以乙烯裂解炉的反应管出口温度(COT)的控制为例进行仿真,仿真结果表明:提出的方法实现了多个反应管出口温度的稳定均衡控制,当系统的工况发生改变时,通过不同主元模型的SPE统计量的比较,可以很容易地找到匹配的工况,并切换为相应的预测模型,解决了当系统动态特性发生改变时,预测模型切换滞后的问题。     

基于模糊PID控制的光伏最大功率点跟踪仿真研究

在分析光伏电池伏安特性的基础上,设计了一个模糊PID控制器,以提高光伏发电的性能。仿真结果表明,模糊PID控制能够快速、准确地跟踪最大功率点,避免最大功率点处的振荡,提高了系统稳定性和能量转换效率。     

微波加热固体颗粒类矿物的过程控制分析

通过微波加热钛精矿实验,结合实验数据,利用两点法得到微波加热钛精矿的数学模型.依据确立的系统模型,分别采用传统PID控制和大林算法两种控制策略进行温度控制,并利用MATLAB中的SIMULINK工具进行了大量仿真实验.仿真结果表明,在非线性、大时滞和参数时变的控制系统中,大林算法控制能获得较好的稳态精度和动态特性,使系...     

浅析无扰动切换在中氮合成氨生产中的应用

阐述了合成一车间生产运行时 ,对主动控制进行切换及投用的过程 ,论述了无扰动切换在不同控制回路中的具体作用方式 ,以此说明无扰动切换对稳定化工运行、方便操作具有关键的作用     

变工况条件下Bang-Bang控制与常规PID控制的集成设计与分析

将Bang-Bang控制与常规PID控制集成,研究了一种适用于大范围工况变化的变工况控制方法。对于非线性二阶系统,采用相轨迹法求解Bang-Bang控制的一次最优切换点;通过设置切换动作的最短响应时间来计算变工况控制的启动阈值。实例仿真结果表明:以变工况控制作为补充的集成控制方案,对全范围的工况变化具有良好的控制效果。     

浅谈DCS化工仿真在教学过程中的效果

结合银川能源学院特色教学谈DCS化工仿真集散控制系统在职业教育中的应用及培训方法。教学实践结果表明:化工仿真集散控制系统训练使学生提高了学习兴趣,进一步了解了化工过程的工艺和控制系统的动态特性,提高了学生对工艺过程参数控制的能力,增强了学生的安全工作意识。     

模式切换类经济预测控制切换时间在线估计

针对一类非线性仿射系统，提出一种在线估计切换时间的经济模型预测控制算法，并将其拓展到长周期控制过程中。有限时间内，将切换时间作为变量实时更新估计，确定最优的切换操作点，以保证每一时刻都可以在控制目标可达的前提下经济性能最优，避免了传统切换经济预测控制策略可能出现的控制目标不可达或经济性能较差的情况。进一步，将该策略作为单周期应用到长周期优化控制过程中，当系统受到扰动时，开始一个新的优化控制周期，实现优化模式与控制模式的灵活切换，同时可以及时应对扰动的出现。该策略保证系统的综合性能最优，仿真结果证明了方法的有效性。     

基于Simulink环境的壳管式换热器动态特性的分析

壳管式换热器在化工和食品行业中有着广泛的应用,对其分析的方法与手段也有很多。在本文中,作者尝试建立起壳管式换热器的传递函数,并利用Matlab分析软件中的Simulink模块对其分析与仿真,通过得到的动态特性仿真曲线,为提高换热器的使用效率提供一些依据。     

基于离群点检测和分类的软测量方法

由于测量仪表自身的故障和传感器容易受化工环境的影响会使测量的数据偏离原来的范围,导致离群点的产生,而离群点对软测量模型的预测精度产生很大的影响,因此需要排除离群点。然而由于原料的更换或者过程的切换也会导致所测数据偏移,这些检测数据容易被误判为离群点。针对这一问题本文引入了基于支持向量数据描述(SVDD)的离群点检测方法和提出了基于贝叶斯理论的离群点分类方法,并以航空煤油干点为研究对象进行仿真研究。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。