不同种类硫酸盐溶液侵蚀下混凝土损伤研究

研究了混凝土在不同种类硫酸盐溶液与干湿循环作用下的损伤层厚度演化规律,分析了损伤层混凝土的力学性能,得到了损伤层混凝土抗压强度。研究结果表明：随着侵蚀时间增加,混凝土损伤层中超声声速降低,损伤层厚度增大,并且损伤层混凝土抗压强度明显降低。当混凝土损伤层越厚、声速越低时,其损伤程度越大。混凝土在硫酸镁溶液中的损伤层厚度最大,且抗压强度劣化明显,混凝土侵蚀破坏最严重;硫酸钠与氯化钠的复合溶液中混凝土损伤层厚度最小,其抗压强度降低最少,氯离子的存在降低了混凝土的损伤劣化程度。     

干湿交替对硫酸盐侵蚀喷射混凝土损伤层试验研究

为了研究硫酸盐侵蚀后喷射混凝土表面损伤层厚度变化,试验采用干湿交替方法,对同配合比普通混凝土、喷射混凝土及钢纤维喷射混凝土进行硫酸盐侵蚀,利用超声波平测法对试件表层声时进行测定,采用回归方法对试验数据进行拟合,得出试件损伤层厚度.同时,对不同侵蚀龄期试件相对动弹性模量、质量损失率及力学性能进行测试,研究损伤层与试件性能之间关系.结果表明:随着干湿交替次数增加,试件表层超声波波速降低,试件密实度下降,损伤层厚度增大;试件相对动弹性模量、质量损失率随着损伤层厚度增大而增大,试件力学性能随着损伤层厚度增大而减小,但均与损伤层厚度呈指数关系,用损伤层厚度表征试件硫酸盐侵蚀具有较好相关性.     

干湿循环条件下混凝土硫酸盐侵蚀损伤分析

干湿循环加剧了混凝土的硫酸盐侵蚀作用.采用超声平测法可测出混凝土的损伤层厚度,进而可对混凝土的损伤情况做出评估.本文考察了硫酸钠溶液浓度对干湿循环和硫酸盐侵蚀共同作用时混凝土损伤的影响.研究结果显示:随着干湿循环次数的增加,混凝土损伤不断加重,表现为损伤层厚度加大,混凝土损伤层中的超声波传播速度降低,且降低的速度逐渐加快;浓度越高,混凝土的损伤越严重.     

初始损伤对喷射混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能的影响

为揭示有初始损伤的喷射混凝土在硫酸侵蚀作用下的性能劣化规律,根据超声波波速变化定义初始损伤度,利用压力试验机对混凝土试件进行初始损伤预制,使初始损伤出现5个不同梯度:0.10、0.15、0.20、0.25、0.30。通过干湿循环硫酸盐侵蚀试验,以外观形貌、质量变化率、相对动弹模量作为评价指标,并借助微观形貌分析和化学组成分析,系统研究了初始损伤度对喷射混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀性能的影响,探讨了影响机理,建立了初始损伤喷射混凝土在硫酸盐侵蚀作用下的损伤演化模型。结果表明,在整个侵蚀过程中,随着侵蚀时间的延长,喷射混凝土试件质量和相对动弹模量均呈先增大后减小的变化趋势。初始损伤度为0.10时混凝土受硫酸盐侵蚀过程影响较小,基本可以忽略。初始损伤度超过0.10后,试件在硫酸盐侵蚀作用下的劣化速度加快。经历180个干湿循环侵蚀后,初始损伤度为0.15、0.20、0.25、0.30组试件的质量较基准组分别下降了2.9%、3.4%、4.0%和4.7%,相对动弹模量分别降至0.42、0.34、0.28、0.16。预制初始损伤所产生的砂浆微裂缝和骨料位移为硫酸盐的侵入提供了有利条件,损伤度为0.10的试件表面有少量剥蚀,内部微裂纹较基准组略多,但腐蚀劣化并不严重。损伤度为0.30的试件表皮几乎全部脱落,内部出现了大量贯穿裂缝,裂缝较宽且深,反应产物中石膏和钙矾石晶体衍射峰强度最高,侵蚀损伤最为严重。根据相对动弹模量变化定义侵蚀损伤因子,所建立的损伤模型曲线与试验结果吻合较好,拟合相关系数均在0.94以上,可以较好地反映不同初始损伤喷射混凝土的损伤劣化规律。     

硫酸盐侵蚀与冻融循环共同作用下混凝土损伤研究

对水胶比为0.45的引气混凝土分别在质量分数为1％ Na,SO4、5％ Na2 SO4、5％ MgSO4溶液及水中进行快速冻融试验,采用超声平测法测量混凝土损伤层厚度,分析了不同溶液中混凝土的损伤层、未损伤层超声波速及损伤层厚度随冻融循环次数的变化规律.结果表明:混凝土损伤层厚度能够反映硫酸盐-冻融共同作用下混凝土损伤程度;不同溶液与冻融共同作用下混凝土损伤程度有所不同,原因在于硫酸盐溶液对混凝土冻融破坏既存在抑制作用,又存在促进作用;随着硫酸钠溶液浓度的升高,硫酸钠溶液对混凝土的冻融破坏由促进作用逐渐转变为抑制作用,由于硫酸镁具有镁盐和硫酸盐的双重腐蚀,对混凝土的冻融破坏促进作用最大.     

硫酸盐持续浸泡作用下混凝土力学性能试验

通过硫酸盐持续浸泡试验,对硫酸盐环境下混凝土力学性能的退化规律进行试验研究,探索混凝土水胶比和粉煤灰掺量对混凝土抗硫酸盐侵蚀能力的影响规律和机理.试验结果表明,随浸泡时间的增加混凝土抗压强度表现出先小幅增加后逐渐下降的规律,且浸泡时间越长抗压强度的下降速率越快.另外,混凝土抗压强度出现下降所需的时间和最终强度保持率均会随混凝土中粉煤灰掺量的提高和水胶比的减小而增加.通过对试验结果的拟合分析,建立了硫酸盐持续浸泡作用下考虑水胶比、粉煤灰掺合比影响的混凝土抗压强度衰减模型,并与试验得到的强度进行对比,预测模型能够很好反映硫酸盐持续浸泡作用下混凝土抗压强度的衰减规律.     

盐湖卤水侵蚀喷射混凝土衬砌耐久性能退化规律研究

我国西部地区盐湖分布广泛,土壤及地下水中含有高浓度硫酸盐、镁盐及氯盐,与衬砌喷射混凝土发生一系列物理化学反应,造成喷射混凝土单层永久衬砌结构耐久性能下降.为系统研究盐湖卤水侵蚀喷射混凝土耐久性能退化规律,以5％Na2 SO4+5％MgSO4+3.5％NaCl混合溶液为侵蚀介质,采用干湿交替法,分别模拟盐湖卤水及隧道衬砌侵蚀方式,开展喷射混凝土耐久性试验.通过测试混凝土相对动弹性模量、质量变化率、相对抗压强度、损伤层厚度及混凝土中离子含量,研究卤水侵蚀喷射混凝土耐久性能退化规律.结果表明,高水胶比、未掺粉煤灰及高粉煤灰掺量喷射混凝土和模筑混凝土物理力学性能退化速度快,损伤层厚度快速增大,钢纤维可显著提升喷射混凝土抗侵蚀性能.随着侵蚀的进行,混凝土中水溶性钙离子及混凝土pH值下降,水溶性钠离子和氯离子含量增大,酸溶性硫酸根离子含量快速增大.混凝土表面水化产物含量降低,密实度下降,损伤层厚度增大,物理力学性能退化.     

应用灰色系统理论预测硫酸盐侵蚀环境下混凝土的强度劣化规律及服役寿命

制备了水胶比分别为0.32,0.40和0.48的纯水泥混凝土试件,水胶比0.32,粉煤灰掺量10%或20%的粉煤灰混凝土试件,矿粉掺量15%或30%的矿粉混凝土试件,粉煤灰和早强剂掺量分别为20%和1%的含早强剂粉煤灰混凝土试件,及粉煤灰和矿粉掺量分别为15%和15%的混凝土试件.将混凝土试件暴露于干湿循环-硫酸盐加速侵蚀环境中,测试试件抗压强度的演变规律.采用灰色关联理论研究了硫酸盐浓度、水胶比、矿物掺合料及外加剂等因素对混凝土抗压强度的影响.通过建立多元灰预测模型分析了硫酸盐侵蚀环境下混凝土的强度劣化规律及服役寿命.结果表明:强度影响因素的灰色关联度由大到小的排序为;水胶比,硫酸盐浓度,测试龄期,粉煤灰掺量,矿粉掺量,早强剂掺量.多元灰预测模型呈现出较高的精度以预测硫酸盐侵蚀环境下混凝土的强度劣化规律和服役寿命.     

干湿循环-硫酸盐耦合作用下混凝土相对动弹模灰熵关联度分析

为研究混凝土在干湿循环与硫酸盐耦合作用下的损伤劣化,本文以相对动弹模为测试指标,通过试验研究了混凝土的相对动弹模在各个不同影响因素(粉煤灰的掺量、水胶比、Na2SO4的浓度、先期养护时间、不同的干湿循环制度(烘浸时间比))下随腐蚀龄期的演变规律.采用灰熵关联度理论分析了在不同腐蚀龄期各影响因素对混凝土相对动弹模的关联程度.结果表明:在干湿循环与硫酸盐耦合作用下,随着腐蚀龄期的增长,混凝土发生不同程度的损伤劣化,混凝土的相对动弹模也表现出不同程度的下降.不同腐蚀龄期,相对动弹模各影响因素的灰熵关联度排序是一致的.各影响因素对相对动弹模的灰熵关联度由大到小的排序为:水胶比、Na2SO4的浓度、不同的干湿循环制度(烘浸时间比)、先期养护时间、粉煤灰的掺量.     

酸雨模拟液侵蚀混凝土的损伤劣化研究

采用干湿循环和长期浸泡两种制度,模拟滨海化工园区酸雨环境,研究C25和C50混凝土在酸雨侵蚀条件下的损伤劣化规律.结果表明:混凝土的质量、抗压强度、抗氯离子扩散能力随着酸雨循环次数的增加,呈现先增大后减小的趋势;C50及C25混凝土均是质量先达到破坏标准,水胶比低的混凝土抗酸雨侵蚀能力强;干湿循环实验和长期浸泡这两种制度下酸雨对混凝土的侵蚀规律一致.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。