井下环境模拟试验装置研制

为适应井下高温高压工作环境,随钻测量仪器入井前需进行室内耐温耐压测试。通过使用恒压变量泵控等技术,研制了井下环境模拟试验装置;由模拟井筒、地层压力、环空压力及井底温度模拟模块等部分组成。最高模拟125℃井底温度及70 MPa地层压力与环空压力,可作为井下仪器室内耐温耐压测试平台。在模拟井筒外侧壁上设计了地层岩心模拟模块,模拟井下不同岩性地层。通过地层压力模拟模块向地层岩心模拟模块施加不同数值的高压流体,模拟出在地层压力作用下地层流体向井筒内渗流的过程,拓展了试验装置应用范围。对装置进行了110℃及60 MPa的升温、升压测试,设备工作稳定,温度与压力控制精度分别达到±0.5℃及±0.3 MPa,满足设计要求。     

数字压力计的示值误差测量不确定度研究

<正>概述1.测量依据:JJG 875-2005数字压力计检定规程。2.测量标准:0.05级活塞式压力真空计标准装置,测量范围为(-0.1~60)MPa。3.测量对象:0.2级数字压力计,测量范围分别为(-0.1~0)MPa、(0~0.6)MPa、(0~6)MPa、(0~60)MPa。4.测量条件:温度(20±5)℃,湿度85%。     

基于真实裂缝的井筒-地层耦合流动试验装置研制

在钻井过程中当钻遇裂缝发育地层时,钻井液和原油或气体之间存在密度差,经常导致钻井液和地层流体在裂缝内部发生双向耦合流动,表现在钻井过程中就是既有钻井液的漏失,同时又有原油或气体的产出,处理起来非常复杂。目前国内外尚没有基于真实裂缝空间的耦合流动试验装置,通过扫描现场实际露头裂缝,构建真实的裂缝空间,同时设计并建造了一套基于真实裂缝空间的可视化井筒-地层耦合流动试验装置,该装置高6 m、直径为15.24 cm,裂缝尺寸为0.5 m×1 m,工作压力为0.5 MPa。该试验装置可以模拟地层定容和定压情况下钻井液-原油、钻井液-气体在真实裂缝中的耦合流动状态,还能进行裂缝内堵漏效果评价,除了可视化观测及高速摄像外,还可以测量各种压力、流量数据。通过对各种试验现象和数据的分析为现场采取合理的技术措施提供依据。     

双端面机械密封的摩擦学性能研究

研制了一台测试机械密封可以在转速、介质压力和弹簧比压等不同工况下的温升量、摩擦扭矩和泄漏量的试验装置。以聚四氟乙烯和球墨铸铁材料为密封摩擦副进行了试验研究,结果表明:随着转速和弹簧比压的增大,端面温度上升速率增大;端面摩擦因数随转速和弹簧比压的增大而增大,当转速达到2 000 r/min时,摩擦因数趋于平缓;泄漏量随转速和介质压力的增加而增大,但随弹簧比压的增加而迅速减小,当弹簧比压达到0.22 MPa时,泄漏量趋于稳定。     

不同压力煤油气溶胶点火延时的测量研究

研究不同压力(0.1,0.3,0.6 MPa)的化学计量比煤油/空气溶胶点火延时.研制了新型两相激波管,采用室温He/N2为驱动气体和缝合接触面运行,反应区温度范围是1 160～1 650 K,基于压电传感器和数据采集系统,测量了不同点压力时间曲线,以OH(波长约306 nm)发射光作为点火指示信号,用ICCD拍摄反射激波后的燃烧流场.结果表明:当压力为0.1 MPa、温度为1 068 K,可获得实验时间约19 ms.本文条件下,测得煤油点火延时τig约0.1～6 ms.与加热方式相比,煤油气溶胶在低温时点火延时偏大.不同初压的ln(τig)与10 000/T均呈线性分布.压力测量显示:当压力为0.1 MPa、温度大于1 500 K,点火过程中出现了当地爆燃,伴随明显的压力振荡,出现爆燃的当地温度随初压升高而降低.对低温自点火工况,煤油火焰面呈非平面结构.在反射激波后,出现随机分布的自点火区域.随着温度升高,自点火呈平面火焰结构.     

超高静压下传压介质压致升温的规律

通过将温度探头伸入高压腔内在线测定了3种传压介质(癸二酸二辛酯、水、无水乙醇)的温度变化情况,研究它们在不同条件下的压致升温规律.结果表明:在试验条件下,癸二酸二辛酯的压致升温值随压力的增加由0.089℃/MPa降至0.068℃/MPa,且随初始温度的增加而降低;水的压致升温值随压力的增加基本不变,稳定在0.026~0.028℃/MPa之间,且随初始温度的增加而略有增加;无水乙醇的压致升温值受压力影响大于水而小于癸二酸二辛酯,随压力增加由0.082℃/MPa降至0.075℃/MPa,初始温度对其影响大于水,但乙醇压致升温值随着其质量分数的增加而增加.通过聚四氟乙烯套筒和不锈钢套筒模拟不同的热损失条件时,在保压过程中前者对癸二酸二辛酯的保温效果明显高于后者.     

水中直接液化木质生物质的试验研究

在高温高压反应釜内,进行超临界和亚临界条件下水中直接液化木质生物质试验,温度范围为280~380℃、压力范围为2.8~30 MPa,反应时间为40 min。结果表明,在50 g生物质和250 mL蒸馏水给料比率、温度310℃和反应时间40 min的试验条件下,木焦油产量最高达到14.4 g;在温度380℃、压力23.2 MPa和反应时间40 min的试验条件下,有机溶解物产量最高为10.3 g。     

原位漫反射红外光谱研究CO、CO2在Rh-Mn-Li/SiO2催化剂上的化学吸附

在温度25~300℃和压力0.1~3.0 MPa范围内,利用原位漫反射红外光谱法研究了CO和CO2在Rh-Mn-Li/SiO2催化剂上的化学吸附。在0.1 MPa和25℃时CO在该催化剂上存在线式、孪生和桥式吸附,以桥式吸附为主,3种吸附均能快速达到吸附平衡。压力保持0.1 MPa,温度由25℃升至300℃时,线式比桥式先脱附,至265℃时,3种吸附基本脱附完全;当温度维持205℃不变而压力逐步由0.1升至3.0 MPa时,线式吸附增量较少,桥式吸附增量较多;CO2在0.1 MPa,25℃时就能发生快速的解离吸附,即CO2→CO O,其吸附行为表现为CO的线式吸附,但吸附峰与纯CO吸附时不同;当温度稳定在25℃而压力逐步升至2.5 MPa时,不仅CO2吸附量增大,而且其2052 cm-1吸附峰有向高波数移动的趋势。     

太阳能热风发电系统的空气集热器试验装置的研制

根据太阳能热风发电系统集热器的抽象试验研究模型,研制了该系统的空气集热器试验装置,设计了该装置的集热器箱体、太阳能辐射模拟装置、流量和温度测量系统、辐射强度测量系统以及数据采集系统.利用研究装置进行了变太阳辐射强度、变空气流量以及环境温度对空气集热器的热量影响实验,初步试验验证装置的可行性.     

热泵系统调控的蔬菜贮藏试验装置温度场速度场研究

为解决目前蔬菜贮藏试验库内贮藏环境调控能力差的问题,研制了一套基于热泵系统调控的蔬菜贮藏试验装置.利用商业软件FLUENT,选择标准κ-ε模型和SIMPLE算法,完成了试验装置在空载和两种不同装载物料方式下气流场和温度场的二维和三维数值模拟,并通过试验对模拟结果进行了验证.结果证明:当装置内温度稳定后,装置空载时的模拟结果与试验结果的平均偏差为0.13,℃,装置装载物料时的模拟结果与试验结果的平均偏差为1.15,℃,模拟结果与试验结果具有较好的一致性.该研究揭示了热泵系统调控的蔬菜贮藏试验装置内气流场和温度场的分布规律,试验装置具有温度控制灵活,降温速度快的特点,可为大型蔬菜贮藏试验库的开发和应用提供一定的参考.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.