羧甲基化的非离子型表面活性剂与石油磺酸盐的复配试验

对羧甲基化的非离子型表面活性剂进行了应用研究，考察了这种非离子－阴离子两性活性剂的耐盐能力和界面张力，研究了与石油磺酸盐复配的性能。试验表明，这种两性活性课题卫石油磺酸复配，不仅能大大改善石油碘酸盐的耐盐性能。而且由于存在界面张力协同效应，不需添加低分子量的醇即能使复配体系与癸烷的界面张力达到超低，适合于高矿化度地层驱油。     

羧甲基化的非离子型表面活性剂与石油磺酸盐的复配试验

对羧甲基化的非离子型表面活性剂进行了应用研究.考察了这种非离子- 阴离子两性活性剂的耐盐能力和界面张力,研究了其与石油磺酸盐复配的性能.试验表明,这种两性活性剂与石油磺酸盐复配,不仅能大大改善石油磺酸盐的耐盐性能,而且由于存在界面张力协同效应,不需添加低分子量的醇即能使复配体系与癸烷的界面张力达到超低,适合于高矿化度地层驱油.此外还进行了高矿化度条件下的模拟驱油试验,取得好的效果.     

改性木质素磺酸盐表面活性剂合成及性能研究

以草浆或木浆碱木素为原料,经过与脂肪多胺的曼尼希反应、与油酰氯的酰化反应和磺甲基化反应,合成了一系列含有酰胺结构的改性木质素磺酸盐表面活性剂．对改性木质素磺酸盐界面性能进行了测试,讨论了表面活性剂质量分数及碱质量分数对界面张力的影响．结果表明改性产品具有非常优良的界面活性,单独使用即可在较宽的表面活性剂质量分数和碱质量分数的变化范围内,形成超低油-水界面张力,符合三次采油的基本要求．     

重烷基苯磺酸盐溶液与原油间动态界面张力的实验研究

测定了重烷基苯磺酸盐溶液与大庆原油间的动态界面张力，考察了NaOH、Na2CO3、部分水解聚丙烯酰胺（HPAM）和重烷基苯磺酸盐对动态界面张力的影响。结果表明，在大庆采油四厂原油ASP驱中，选用NaOH作碱剂容易产生低界面张力；当NaOH的浓度在一定范围内时，大庆采油四厂原油与重烷基苯磺酸盐体系间的界面张力能够达到超低值（10^-2mN/m）；NaOH对产生低界面张力的作用比HPAM和重烷基苯磺酸盐更显著。重烷基苯磺酸盐具有优良的表面活性，有望成为较理想的复合驱用表面活性剂。     

重烷基苯磺酸盐溶液与原油间动态界面张力的实验研究

测定了重烷基苯磺酸盐溶液与大庆原油间的动态界面张力 ,考察了NaOH、Na2 CO3 、部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM )和重烷基苯磺酸盐对动态界面张力的影响。结果表明 ,在大庆采油四厂原油ASP驱中 ,选用NaOH作碱剂容易产生低界面张力 ;当NaOH的浓度在一定范围内时 ,大庆采油四厂原油与重烷基苯磺酸盐体系间的界面张力能够达到超低值 ((10 -2 mN/m) ;NaOH对产生低界面张力的作用比HPAM和重烷基苯磺酸盐更显著。重烷基苯磺酸盐具有优良的表面活性 ,有望成为较理想的复合驱用表面活性剂。     

二壬基酚聚氧丙烯醚磺酸盐-碱-桩西原油的动态界面张力研究

以壬基酚生产过程中的副产物二壬基酚为原料,合成了氧丙烯平均链节数为5.01的二壬基酚聚氧丙烯醚磺酸盐(DNPPS).界面张力测定表明:DNPPS/桩西稠油的动态界面张力平衡值为0.13mN/m,比以壬基酚为原料合成的具有相似氧乙烯链节的其他非离子-阴离子表面活性剂动态平衡界面张力都低.为进一步降低DNPPS/桩西稠油的界面张力,将DNPPS与碳酸钠进行了复配.发现当体系中Na2CO3与DNPPS质量比为10∶1左右时,二者之间有明显的协同效应;在Na2CO3质量分数为0.1%的复配体系中添加质量分数为0.005%～0.010%的DNPPS,可使界面张力降低到10-4mN/m以下.研究对稠油化学驱有指导意义,也为二壬基酚的应用提供了新途径.     

磺酸盐型Gemini表面活性剂的合成及在三次采油中的应用研究

为了提高驱油用表面活性剂降低油水界面张力的能力,以提高原油的采收率.合成了磺酸盐型Gemini表面活性剂,并将其与石油磺酸盐复合,采用tx-500界面张力仪测定了复合体系降低油水界面张力的能力.研究表明:当质量分数为1%时,磺酸盐型Gemini表面活性剂-石油磺酸盐复合体系能降低油水界面张力至4×10-4～6×10-4 mN·m-1.磺酸盐型Gemini表面活性剂的加入使得磺酸盐型Gemini表面活性剂与石油磺酸盐之间产生协同效应,提高了原油的采收率.     

癸基甲基萘磺酸盐表面活性剂合成及性能研究

以甲基萘和溴代癸烷为原料,合成癸基甲基萘中间体,经磺化、提纯,得到高纯度的癸基甲基萘磺酸盐表面活性剂.采用HPLC测定了表面活性剂的纯度,为97%.利用IR、UV及ESI-MS对其结构进行了表征.研究了癸基甲基萘磺酸盐表面活性剂的表面活性和油水界面性能,讨论了表面活性剂质量分数、氢氧化钠质量分数对表面活性剂水溶液/山东胜利油田原油界面张力的影响.结果表明,癸基甲基萘磺酸盐表面活性剂具有很高的降低溶液表面张力和油/水界面张力的能力和效率;临界胶束浓度为0.26 mmol·L-1,该浓度下的表面张力为31.61 mN·m-1,动态界面张力最低值达到2.59×10-6mN·m-1.癸基甲基萘磺酸盐表面活性剂有望成为较理想的三次采油用表面活性剂.     

三次采油用石油磺酸盐的合成与性能研究

研究了以大庆馏分油为原料,以发烟硫酸为磺化剂制备石油磺酸盐(NPS)的工艺.并研究了三元复合体系中NPS的浓度、混合碱的浓度对界面张力的影响.     

烃基苯磺酸盐表面活性剂AS的合成

以石油中间产品为原料合成了烃基苯磺酸盐表面活性剂ＡＳ－４，ＡＳ－５，ＡＳ－６。实验表明，ＡＳ水溶液／碱／原油体系具有１０＾－２ｍＮ／ｍ以下的最小界面张力，讨论了异构体组分相对含量，合成的超始原料，平均分子量对ＡＳ产物水溶液与原油的界面活性的影响。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.