太阳能光电/光热一体化技术及其应用进展研究

太阳能光电/光热一体化系统主要由光伏电池组件和太阳能集热器组成,可同时实现光伏发电和光热利用,从而有效地提高了太阳能的综合利用效率。文章首先从光伏组件和光热部件着手,分析了PV/T系统的结构和各项性能;然后,概述了目前常用的PV/T热水系统性能评估方法;最后,提出了在推广PV/T系统时还须解决的问题。     

太阳能电池与热泵热水器联合运行系统性能分析

为了降低太阳能光伏电池的温度,同时提升热泵热水器的蒸发温度,利用循环水路冷却太阳能光伏电池,并将热量传递给热泵热水器的蒸发器,构成联合运行系统。针对杭州市的夏季和冬季气象条件,对该联合运行系统的性能进行了计算,分析了对应不同太阳能电池温度下的系统运行参数的变化情况,包括太阳能电池发电效率和所需换热量,热泵热水器的制热量以及热泵效率等。计算结果表明,该联合运行系统能够同时提高太阳能电池光伏转换效率和热泵效率。     

光伏/光热-地源热泵联合供热系统运行性能研究

为解决太阳电池的发电效率随温度升高而下降以及地源热泵系统供热引起的土壤热失衡问题,以典型居住建筑的光伏/光热-地源热泵（PV/T-GSHP）联合供热系统为研究对象,基于TRNSYS软件,采用土壤温度、地源热泵机组季节能效比、光伏发电效率和太阳能保证率为评价指标,对该联合供热系统进行运行性能分析。研究结果表明：夏热冬冷地区（以长沙为例）太阳能保证率相对较高,PV/T组件面积为满屋顶最大化安装（900 m²）时,第20年末土壤温度相比初始地温仅升高0.8 ℃,热泵机组季节能效比约为5.1,太阳能保证率为97.0%~98.7%;不同气候地区的太阳能保证率与PV/T组件面积和建筑全年累计供热量有关,通过定义单位建筑全年累计供热量PV/T组件面积指标,得到中国不同气候地区的太阳能保证率与该指标的耦合关系,回归方程的决定系数R²为0.983,得出在已知建筑全年累计供热量和太阳保证率设计目标值的条件下所需PV/T组件面积的计算方法。PV/T-GSHP联合供热系统的全年运行能耗显著小于平板太阳能集热器-地源热泵联合系统（最小降幅为沈阳,49.7%）,远小于空气源热泵（最小降幅为石家庄,79.8%）和燃气壁挂炉（最小降幅为沈阳,65.1%）。     

基于动态分布参数模型的光伏太阳能热泵系统的数值模拟

采用分布参数法,根据平衡均相流理论,建立了光伏太阳能热泵(PV-SAHP)系统的动态分布参数模型.通过数值模拟对系统在动态工况下的光电光热性能进行研究.研究结果显示PV-SAHP系统具备优越的光电光热性能,系统的COP为3.1-5.8,全天的平均值为4.8,明显高于普通的风冷热泵;系统光电转换效率为12.38%-13.31%;系统全天的平均光电功率为375W,相当于系统平均功耗(474.8W)的79%.对模拟结果进行对比分析后发现系统光电光热性能主要由太阳辐照强度所决定,并受环境温度的影响.     

沈阳地区带有冷却装置的太阳能光伏板布置方式分析

文中提出太阳能光电-光热系统型式,将太阳能光伏发电技术与太阳能集热冷却技术相结合,在提高光电转换效率的同时输出部分可利用的生活热能,也弥补了传统的太阳能利用方面存在的诸多不足。建立光伏-太阳能集热板模型,比较分析与地面垂直布置于建筑南立面和倾斜42°布置于屋顶的2种单块光伏-太阳能集热板布置方式的全年运行结果,定量比较2种布置方式的光伏转换效率和平均功率,结合实际应用从而选择最优布置方式,结果表明垂直布置于南立面更合适。     

一种地源热泵-BIPV/T耦合系统的研究

本文在对目前国内外光伏光热建筑一体化(BIPV/T)系统、地源热泵-光伏光热(PV/T)耦合系统的研究现状和发展方向进行综述及分析的基础上,针对当前建筑外围护结构中光伏可利用面积较大却未被完全利用及阴雨天光伏余热供应不足的问题,提出了一种将地源热泵技术与BIPV/T系统相结合的耦合系统,即地源热泵-BIPV/T耦合系统...     

一种新型全铝扁盒式PV/T热水系统

将单晶硅光伏电池与全铝扁盒式太阳能热水器集热板通过特殊工艺粘结起来,制成了一套自然循环式光伏光热一体化(PV/T)系统,在利用太阳能发电的同时提供热水。于04年7月-10月在合肥地区进行了室外实验,测试并讨论了该系统以不同水量和不同初始水温运行时的光电光热性能。结果表明,当m/Ac>80kg/m2时,这种PV/T热水系统的发电效率在10.15%左右,热效率在50%左右,光电光热总效率可以达到60%左右,光电光热综合性能效率可以达到70%左右。相对于单纯的光伏系统或自然循环式太阳能热水系统,这种PV/T热水系统具有占地面积小、综合效率高等优点。     

基于太阳能季节补热的地源热泵空调系统研究

在北方地区,由于建筑物的冬季热负荷大于夏季冷负荷,单独采用地源热泵对建筑物供暖、制冷,长期运行会造成土壤的温度逐年下降,最终导致地源热泵机组COP越来越低,严重时会影响机组的正常运行。夏季采用太阳能对土壤补热,解决地源热泵机组单独运行时冷热不平衡问题,有效提高机组热效率,达到综合节能的目的。通过对太阳能-地源热泵复合空调系统进行分析研究,利用TRNSYS软件进行分析模拟,从而得出太阳能-地源热泵空调系统的最佳匹配方案。     

玻璃盖板对光伏-太阳能热泵冬季综合性能的影响

简要介绍了光伏-太阳能热泵(PV-SAHP)的原理及构成,利用已建立的PV-SAHP系统试验平台,在冬季有、无玻璃盖板两种工况下,对PV-SAHP系统的光电转换、光热转换、热泵循环等性能进行了对比测试,并分别进行了能量效率分析和效率分析。结果表明,在冬季有玻璃盖板工况下,虽然光电效率有一定降低,但热泵循环的性能系数、光电/光热综合效率、光热效率均有明显提高。     

复合地源热泵系统冬季供暖运行实验研究

介绍了地源热泵在冬季运行供暖的实验研究,具体分析了长期连续运行时土壤温度的变化规律,热泵机组系统的COP变化情况,以及太阳能辅助系统与地源热泵系统联合运行时土壤温度的变化规律,热泵机组系统的COP变化情况.试验数据表明了增加太阳能辅助地源热泵系统后,显著地提高了冷凝器出口温度和室内温度,有效地提高了热负荷,增加了供热面积.总结出了本地区地源热泵系统的一般运行规律.     

基于相变储能的太阳能空气源热泵系统的研究

针对由天气变化导致太阳能利用不稳定和寒冷地区热泵性能低的问题,文章介绍了一种基于相变储能的太阳能空气源热泵系统,该系统能够根据气象情况灵活切换4种供暖模式,大大减少了系统耗电量。文章通过独特设计的储能冷凝器,不仅可以调节太阳能空气源热泵系统能量分配,改善太阳能空气源热泵系统制热量和建筑热负荷之间不平衡的供需关系、提高太阳能利用率,还可以提高空气源热泵低温性能,快速恢复供暖,从而实现提高太阳能空气源热泵系统整体性能的目的。文章以石家庄农村某户为研究对象进行研究,研究结果表明,太阳能空气源热泵系统供暖效果较好,太阳能空气源热泵系统COP最大值为5.19,节能环保效益十分明显。     

Assessment of an integrated active solar and air-source heat pump water heating system operated within a passive house in a cold climate zone

In the pursuit of energy savings and emission reductions, solar energy heating systems have been promoted in China. However, there still exist many barriers to the operation of solar heating systems, in combination with other systems, under realistic conditions. In order to investigate this further, an integrated space heating system including passive sunspace, active solar water heating, and air-source heat pump (ASHP) was built. The detailed running performance of each subsystem was comparatively analyzed in a full-scale test house in a cold climate zone. This integrated system showed many encouraging results in terms of the maintenance of a stable and comfortable indoor thermal environment during the winter season. The study building consumed electricity as convectional energy, which only accounted for about one-third of the total energy supplied for heating. However, our study also found some shortcomings in the system design. Feasible suggestions regarding the running procedures aimed at a more optimal and effective design were proposed. The systems proposed in this study could be used as a promising future technology for energy savings and emission reductions in rural buildings. The study could also help achieve targets for energy savings and renewable energy utilization in China and other countries.     

Solar heat pump systems for domestic hot water

Vapour compression heat pumps can upgrade ambient heat sources to match the desired heating load temperature. They can offer considerable increase in operational energy efficiency compared to current water heating systems. Solar heat pumps collect energy not only from solar radiation but also from the ambient air. They can operate even at night or in totally overcast conditions. Since the evaporator/collector operates at temperatures lower than ambient air temperature it does not need glazing or a selective coating to prevent losses. Currently, however, they are not used much at all in domestic or commercial water heating systems. In this paper comparison is made of a conventional solar hot water system, a conventional air source heat pump hot water system and a solar heat pump water heating system based on various capital city locations in Australia. A summary is given of specific electricity consumption, initial and operating costs, and greenhouse gas generation of the three systems dealt with in this paper. The ultimate choice of unit for a particular location will depend heavily on the solar radiation, climate and the local price paid for electricity to drive or boost the unit chosen.     

太阳能、热泵辅助燃气供热系统实验研究

搭建了太阳能、热泵辅助燃气的供热系统测试平台,对太阳能辅助燃气供热系统、热泵辅助燃气供热系统以及太阳能、热泵辅助燃气供热系统的热性能进行测试,并对三种供热系统的经济环境效益进行分析.试验结果表明,试验条件下,三种供热系统的修正后一次能源利用率分别为93.3％、92.8％、103.9％,与燃气供热系统相比,节能率分别为3...     

冰源热泵系统在设施水产养殖中的技术经济性研究

针对目前刺参养殖的水温调控系统能耗大及适用性差等问题,提出基于冰源热泵的高效清洁供热及结合跨季节蓄冷实现全年冷热管理的技术思路,采用冰源热泵系统和跨季节蓄冷型冰源热泵系统对养殖水体温度进行调控,建立模型定量对比分析系统的运行能效及技术经济性.结果表明:(1)冰源热泵系统供热和供冷时的性能系数分别为3.33和3.39,全...     

联合太阳能沼气的冷热电供能系统的集成及经济性分析

冷热电联供是一种先进、高效的能源系统,目前在我国应用的主要问题是天然气成本高,导致系统经济性差。太阳能和沼气是非常清洁的可再生能源,在我国来源广泛且廉价。将冷热电联供系统与太阳能、沼气完美地结合起来,集成为联合太阳能沼气的冷热电供能系统。该系统较为合理的组合方式是采用太阳能沼气池作为燃料提供装置,采用微型燃气轮机、余热锅炉、溴化锂吸收式制冷机、蒸汽换热器等作为供电、供冷和供热机组,采用太阳能集热器、换热器等装置为沼气池加热,太阳能不足时采用尾气加热。该系统能够实现能量的梯级利用,提高一次能源利用率,达到综合用能的目的,同时可有效治理环境。以某酒店作为该系统的用户对象,分析其经济性并与常规模式进行对比。结果表明,该系统一次能源利用率为74.8%,而常规模式为62.3%;综合能源价格为0.3398元/(k W·h),而现阶段电网电价约为0.6元/(k W·h);环境与减排评价指标也具有明显优势。     

太阳能光热低温利用发展与研究

太阳能具有分散性强、能流密度低、适合得到中低温热源的特性,太阳能低温热利用是人们最早认识和利用的太阳能转换手段,也是将来太阳能低成本、规模化应用的最重要的领域。本论文针对太阳能集热、太阳能采暖、太阳能干燥、太阳能热泵、太阳能空调、太阳能低温热发电等几个当前太阳能低温热利用的主要技术,介绍了各种技术的应用原理和背景,分析了各种已有技术的研究现状和社会需求,讨论了部分新技术的未来发展方向。同时介绍了中国科学技术大学在该领域的一些研究进展。     

Cost-optimal energy performance measures in a new daycare building in cold climate

New municipal service buildings must be energy effective, and cost-optimality is one of the criteria for selecting the suitable energy performance improvement measures. A daycare building in a cold climate was studied by means of simulation-based, multi-objective optimisation. Using a genetic algorithm, both target energy use and life-cycle cost of the selected measures were minimised. It was found that extensive insulation of the building envelope is not a cost-optimal method to reduce the daycare building energy use. Improving energy efficiency of the ventilation system, utilising solar energy on-site and employing a light control strategy are preferable ways of improving the building energy performance. Ground-source heat pump is a more cost-optimal heating system for the daycare building than district heating. The cost-optimal sizing of the heat pump is small, only 28% of the required maximum heating power.

Abbreviations: AHU: air handling unit; CAV: constant air volume; COMBI: comprehensive development of nearly zero-energy municipal service buildings; COP: coefficient of performance; DH: district heating; DHW: domestic hot water; EPBD: energy performance of buildings directive; EU: European Union; FINVAC: Finnish Association of HVAC Societies; GSHP: ground-source heat pump; HRU: heat recovery unit; IDA ICE: IDA Indoor Climate and Energy; LED: light-emitting diode; MOBO: multi-objective building optimisation tool; NSGA-II: Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II; nZEB: nearly zero-energy building; PV: photovoltaic; TRY: test reference year; VAV: variable air volume; ZEB: zero-energy building     

大型建筑中应用应急柴油发机实现冷热电三联供及其实例分析

介绍了一种新型的高效节能中央空调冷暖系统－自备发电、余热利用及热泵冷暖系统。该系统充分发挥了大型建筑必备设备－自备电源应急柴油发电机的作用,使一次能源在使用中更加符合热力学的原理;该系统不追求某一种机组的高COP,而是利用各种设备的优点,有机匹配,以求一年中最高效的节能。通过与三种常规冷暖系统的一次能源利用率比较,得出该新型冷暖系统的一次能源利用率比三种常规冷暖系统的一次能源利用率高27．88％－104．6％以上。并通过实例计算了采用该系统的某大型广场的全年经济效益。     

Use of solar assisted geothermal heat pump and small wind turbine systems for heating agricultural and residential buildings

The main objective of the present study is twofold: (i) to analyze thermal loads of the geothermally and passively heated solar greenhouses; and (ii) to investigate wind energy utilization in greenhouse heating which is modeled as a hybrid solar assisted geothermal heat pump and a small wind turbine system which is separately installed in the Solar Energy Institute of Ege University, Izmir, Turkey. The study shows 3.13% of the total yearly electricity energy consumption of the modeled system (3568 kWh) or 12.53% of the total yearly electricity energy consumptions of secondary water pumping, brine pumping, and fan coil (892 kWh) can be met by using small wind turbine system (SWTS) theoretically. According to this result, modeled passive solar pre heating technique and combined with geothermal heat pump system (GHPS) and SWTS can be economically preferable to the conventional space heating/cooling systems used in agricultural and residential building heating applications if these buildings are installed in a region, which has a good wind resource.