薄层扫描法测定肤舒能洗剂中氧化苦参碱的含量

目的：采用薄层扫描法测定肤舒能洗剂中氧化苦参碱含量的方法。方法：用CS－9301型双波长薄层扫描仪，氯仿－甲醇－氨水（5：0．6：0．2）为展开剂，改良碘化铋钾试液显色，λs=460nm,λR=650nm。结果：样品中氧化苦参碱分离完全且呈良好线性关系。平均回收率为98．4％（RSD＝1．2％）。结论：方法简便，结果准确，可作为其质量控制依据。     

薄层扫描法测定溃疡平颗粒中盐酸小檗碱的含量

目的：建立了溃疡平颗粒中盐酸小檗碱的含量测定。方法：用薄层扫描法，采用硅胶G板，苯－醋酸乙酯－甲醇－异丙醇－浓氨试液（6：3：1．5：1．5：0．5）为展开剂，双波长反射法踞齿扫描，双波长反射法踞齿扫描，λs=345nm,λR=370nm。结果：回归方程为Y＝73084．45X＋289．13（r=0.9996)，平均回收率为98．20％，RSD：2．71％（n=6)。结论：本法简单，准确，可用于控制溃疡平颗粒质量。     

TLC法测定Ⅱ号洗剂中苦参碱的含量

采用江波长薄层扫描法测定Ⅱ号洗剂中苦参碱的含量：硅胶G板，苯-丙酮-甲醇（8：3：0．5）为展开剂，λs＝521nm，λR＝650nm，外标二点法定量，平均回收年99．3％，RSD=3．34％。     

复方板蓝根含片中靛玉红的含量测定

目的应用双波长薄层扫描法测定复方板蓝根含片中靛玉红的含量。薄层条件为0．3％CMC—Na硅胶G板，苯-氯仿-丙酮(5：4：1)为展开剂，波长λs=540nm，λR=700nm，平均回收率为98．0％，RSD为1．9％。     

HPLC法同时测定阿娜尔妇洁液中两种生物碱的含量

目的：建立HPLC法同时测定阿娜尔妇洁液中两种生物碱（苦参碱和槐定碱）含量的方法。方法：色谱柱：Kromasil C18（250mm×4．6mm,5μm）,柱温：25℃;流动相：乙腈-甲醇-1％磷酸缓冲液（三乙胺调pH为1．5）（2．25：3．75：94）;检测波长：205nm。结果：苦参碱和槐定碱分别在10．02～120．24ng（r=0．9994）和76～912ng（r=0．9999）范围内线性关系良好;苦参碱平均回收率为96．75％,RSD为1．24％（n=9）,槐定碱平均回收率为97．40％,RSD为1．10％（n=9）。结论：方法简便、结果准确、重复性好,可用于阿娜尔妇洁液中苦参碱和槐定碱的含量测定。     

薄层扫描法测定固脾通鼻片中黄芪甲苷含量

目的：测定固脾通鼻片中黄芪甲苷含量，方法：0．2％羧甲基纤维素钠作粘合剂的硅胶G薄层板；以氯仿－甲醇－水（40：13：1）溶液为展开剂；λs=510nm,λR=690nm。结果：线性范围0．266－2．128μg（r＝0．996），平均加样回收率为95．6％；RSD＝2．64％（n=5)。结论：本法简便、准确、重现性好，可用于质量控制。     

薄层扫描法测定康丽烧伤膏中盐酸小檗碱的含量

目的：建立薄层扫描法测定康现烧伤膏中盐酸小檗碱含量的方法。方法：样品点样后，以正丁醇－－冰醋酸－－水（9：2：3）为展开剂，检验波长为λs＝430nm，λR＝600nm。结果：平均回收率为99．2％，RSD为2．0％。稳定性实验：RSD＝1．4％，结论：本方法简便，准确，数据可靠，可用于质量控制。     

薄层扫描法测定肤阴洁中盐酸小檗碱的含量

目的：建立薄层扫描法测定肤阴洁中盐酸小檗碱含量的方法。方法：4批样品经提取后点样，以正丁醇－冰醋酸－水（7：1：2）为展开剂，检测波长为λs=430nm,λR=600nm。结果：平均回收率为100．8％，RSD＝2．3％，稳定性试验：RSD＝1．3％。结论：本方法简便，准确，可用于该制剂质量的控制。     

苦参总碱注射液中苦参碱、氧化苦参碱、氧化槐果碱含量及其在制剂中的均一性

采用薄层扫描法测定苦参总碱中苦参碱、氧化苦参碱、氧化槐果碱３种主要成分在注射液中的含量．     

不同产地的地黄中梓醇含量比较

目的：测定不同产地地黄中梓醇含量。方法：薄层扫描法，展开剂为氯仿－甲醇－水（7：4：0．5），显色剂为10％硫酸－乙醇，扫描波长为413nm。结果：回归方程：Y＝621．76X＋118．69，r＝0．9966，平均因收率为99．10％，RSD＝2．50％。结论：河南温县产地黄中梓醇含量较高，山东嘉祥产地黄中梓醇含量较低。     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Lung disease and PKCs

The lung offers a rich opportunity for development of therapeutic strategies focused on isozymes of protein kinase C (PKCs). PKCs are important in many cellular responses in the lung, and existing therapies for pulmonary disorders are inadequate. The lung poses unique challenges as it interfaces with air and blood, contains a pulmonary and systemic circulation, and consists of many cell types. Key structures are bronchial and pulmonary vessels, branching airways, and distal air sacs defined by alveolar walls containing capillaries and interstitial space. The cellular composition of each vessel, airway, and alveolar wall is heterogeneous. Injurious environmental stimuli signal through PKCs and cause a variety of disorders. Edema formation and pulmonary hypertension (PHTN) result from derangements in endothelial, smooth muscle (SM), and/or adventitial fibroblast cell phenotype. Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and lung cancer are characterized by distinctive pathological changes in airway epithelial, SM, and mucous-generating cells. Acute and chronic pneumonitis and fibrosis occur in the alveolar space and interstitium with type 2 pneumocytes and interstitial fibroblasts/myofibroblasts playing a prominent role. At each site, inflammatory, immune, and vascular progenitor cells contribute to the injury and repair process. Many strategies have been used to investigate PKCs in lung injury. Isolated organ preparations and whole animal studies are powerful approaches especially when genetically engineered mice are used. More analysis of PKC isozymes in normal and diseased human lung tissue and cells is needed to complement this work. Since opposing or counter-regulatory effects of selected PKCs in the same cell or tissue have been found, it may be desirable to target more than one PKC isozyme and potentially in different directions. Because multiple signaling pathways contribute to the key cellular responses important in lung biology, therapeutic strategies targeting PKCs may be more effective if combined with inhibitors of other pathways for additive or synergistic effect. Mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including phosphorylation and interaction with isozyme-specific binding proteins, are also potential therapeutic targets. Key isotypes of PKC involved in lung pathophysiology are summarized and current and evolving therapeutic approaches to target them are identified.