基于HAJIF系统的复合材料机翼结构优化

复合材料是高度各向异性材料,其结构设计和分析方法等与金属结构存在诸多差异。尤其在复合材料结构优化过程中,强度、稳定性等设计因素众多,导致结构优化设计工作繁琐、优化效率不高。对于需要考虑大量强度约束的复合材料机翼结构初步设计,如何快速获取初始铺层方案成为制约复合材料机翼结构设计的关键之一。针对复合材料机翼结构初始方案快速获取的问题,构建了基于"设计区-关键元"思想的复合材料机翼结构二级优化设计方法,以层合板理论为基础,引入复合材料许用值工程算法,基于工程准则法,构建了复合材料铺层厚度及铺层比例的二级优化策略,基于自主结构分析软件HAJIF系统的有限元求解器,提出了基于全内存数据存取的复合材料结构二级优化方法,完善并开发了复合材料结构铺层优化设计软件。考虑典型复合材料机翼各个设计区强度约束,应用开发的软件完成了机翼结构复合材料壁板铺层厚度及铺层比例快速优化,为机翼精细化设计提供了技术及工具支撑。     

某电磁弹射无人机复合材料机翼结构优化设计与分析

无人机已经成为航空领域重要成员之一。在无人机初步设计阶段,为减轻其结构重量,采用复合材料设计。复合材料在比强度和比刚度以及抗振和加工制造等方面优于其他传统材料,在无人机结构中得到了广泛的应用。由于复合材料层合板在生产加工过程中具有可设计性,在复合材料中已经成为使用最多的一种结构形式。以某型号电磁弹射无人机机翼为研究对象,建立了复合材料机翼结构的有限元模型,将机翼的结构重量作为优化目标,以机翼翼尖挠度和复合材料失效因子为约束条件,应用工程优化软件对复合材料翼面结构进行自由尺寸优化,整个优化过程需同时满足机翼强度及刚度要求。最终自由尺寸优化结果表明,复合材料的铺层比例和厚度分布在优化后得到了重新设计,比较之前的结构方案,优化后的铺层设计能够有效降低机翼结构质量,实现减重的优化目标。     

某型无人机机翼复合材料大梁迭代设计方法与有限元强度验证

根据工字梁腹板及缘条受力特点,计算了某型无人机机翼大梁在均布升力作用下腹板和缘条的内力。基于经典层合板理论和最大应力强度准则,采用Matlab软件编程,运用迭代法设计了机翼工字形层合结构大梁的铺层结构。建立了复合材料层合结构大梁的有限元模型,基于最大应力强度准则对大梁结构进行有限元强度校核,给出了各层的安全裕度。分析结果表明,基于经典层合板理论的迭代设计方法能够在有限次迭代后设计出符合要求的复合材料层合结构翼梁,层合结构翼梁各铺层安全裕度均大于0.5,该工字梁结构强度符合设计要求。     

芳纶纤维复合材料弯曲性能试验仿真

对叠层结构芳纶纤维织物增强复合材料的弯曲性能试验进行仿真,分析±45°纤维铺层对复合材料弯曲性能的影响.参照GB/T 3356-1999弯曲性能试验,生成了4种不同铺层结构小尺寸试样的几何模型,建立了三点弯曲试验的有限元模型,计算得到了试样的应力场结果,预测了试样的弯曲弹性模量及弯曲强度.结果表明:±45°芳纶纤维铺层将提高叠层结构的弯曲性能,为叠层结构的铺层优化设计提供了技术支持.     

复合材料铺层角度对大展弦比机翼非线性气动弹性影响研究

为了减轻重量和提高升阻比,现代飞行器结构普遍采用大展弦比布局,并且轻质复合材料在飞行器结构中的使用占比也越来越高。为了研究复合材料铺层角度对大展弦比机翼纵向气动特性及非线性气动弹性的影响,首先以机翼结构的弹性变形为优化目标,以结构强度为约束条件,采用Screening方法对大展弦比复合材料机翼蒙皮的铺层角度进行优化,优化后机翼的刚度明显增强。然后基于松耦合的双向流固耦合数值计算方法,对大展弦比机翼非线性气动弹性及流场进行优化前后的数值模拟,分析了复合材料铺层角度对大展弦比机翼非线性气动弹性变形及纵向气动特性的影响。     

某无人机复合材料主翼盒准等强度设计与有限元分析

以某无人机复合材料主翼盒准等强度设计与优化为目标,研究了主翼盒基于载荷分段的包络设计方法与铺层优化方法。采用等步长载荷包络设计方法计算了准等强度翼盒前梁的分布载荷,给出了前、后梁的初步铺层设计。建立了主翼盒的有限元模型,基于有限元分析结果校核了主翼盒的强度、刚度和稳定性。给出了主翼盒前、后梁以及蒙皮的铺层优化方案。研究结果表明,等步长载荷包络设计方法能够方便地计算主翼盒前、后梁的分段载荷;基于经典层合板理论对主翼盒进行铺层的初步设计,并运用有限元软件进行分析与校核,可以快速、有效地完成主翼盒铺层的分段优化设计;大展弦比机翼受最大正过载时,翼根上表面受压缩载荷,前梁上缘条和上蒙皮易发生局部屈曲失稳;减少主翼盒前、后梁下缘条以及下蒙皮铺层数目,可使结构减重达5.23%。     

超轻复合材料机翼结构设计及成型技术研究

在给定外形与尺寸的机翼设计要求下,进行了机翼结构设计、工艺设计、产品制造及力学性能实验研究。采用有限元分析软件,对复合材料机翼进行静力学分析,提取了主承力结构,设计了内部骨架结构。提出了"工字梁+薄蒙皮+变厚度"的结构方案,并通过碳纤维复合材料铺层设计和聚甲基丙烯酰亚胺(PMI)泡沫设计,实现机翼内部的结构制造。研究了复杂外形零件模具的设计思路,设计了中央翼盒和机翼双模具。采用模压+共胶接成型工艺方法,设计了机翼成型工艺流程。通过这种方法成功制造了机翼,并进行了力学性能测试。最终制备的机翼表面质量和外形尺寸满足要求,实现了重量轻、载荷比重大的机翼设计与制造。证明了本文结构设计及成型方法的合理性与有效性。     

变形机翼前缘柔性蒙皮优化设计与分析

绿色航空要求下一代飞机结构能够实现光滑连续的变形,以保证全包线下的飞行性能最优。现有变形结构方案难以平衡变形精度和承载的矛盾,且变形精度难以满足层流机翼飞行的要求。为了有效地解决该矛盾,本文针对CAE-AVM远程公务机提出了一种无缝光滑的变弯度机翼前缘结构方案及柔性蒙皮优化设计方法。该结构主要由复合材料柔性蒙皮和内部连杆机构组成。在优化方法中,本文提出了加权最小平方差(WLSE)的变形控制优化问题目标函数,进行变形误差的描述,采用NSGA-Ⅱ的智能优化算法实现了对复合材料铺层、连接点位置和驱动力大小等设计变量的协同优化,并分析了实现的最终外形与目标外形的变形误差,获得了变弯度机翼前缘复合材料柔性蒙皮的最优刚度分布。     

基于启发式知识和自适用遗传算法的复合材料铺层优化设计

一般针对复合材料层合板铺层优化设计的研究多侧重于算法的研究,没有考虑到铺层知识对铺层的约束.本文建立了基于启发式知识和自适应遗传算法的复合材料层合板铺层优化模型,采用带置信度的IF-THEN模糊表达方式表达层合板铺层启发式知识,以蔡-希尔(Tsai-Hill)强度准则建立自适用遗传算法的适应度函数,在原有约束的基础上增加了铺层启发式知识约束.算例应用上述模型求解层合板的最佳铺层顺序,并将该结果和没有应用铺层知识约束的优化结果进行比较,证明了该模型的优越性和实用性.     

基于刚柔耦合动力学仿真的起落架舱门优化

针对复合材料起落架舱门的优化设计问题,建立了一种基于刚柔耦合动力学仿真的复合材料结构优化方法。使用C-B部件模态综合法建立复合材料起落架舱门的刚柔耦合运动模型,仿真计算得到起落架舱门的动态响应,使用正交试验的方法选取训练样本,训练BP神经网络,得到复合材料舱门铺层厚度与运动响应之间的神经网络响应面,以舱门铺层厚度为优化变量,以舱门运动变形为约束,以舱门接头载荷最小和舱门重量最轻为目标,使用遗传算法对神经网络响应面进行优化。优化结果表明:提出的基于刚柔耦合动力学仿真的复合材料结构优化方法能够准确考虑起落架舱门运动过程中的结构变形和载荷,实现复合材料起落架舱门全运动行程内的最优设计。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。