VC／BA共混物增容PVC／HDPE共混体系的研究

采用氯乙烯—丙烯酸丁酯(VC/BA)共混物作为聚氯乙烯(PVC)/高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)共混物的增容剂,通过冲击实验、拉仲实验、动态力学分析,系统地研究了共混体系性能与其结构之间的关系。通过Brabender流变仪测定了VC/BA共混物增容PVC/HDPE共混体系的流变性能。结果表明,VC/BA共混物是PVC/HDPE共混体系的良好增容剂。在一定范围内,VC/BA共混物与HDPE对PVC有协同增韧效应。vC/BA和HDPE的加入改善了PVC的塑化和流变性能     

反应性增容制备高性能PLA/PA11共混物

由于聚乳酸(PLA)与尼龙11(PA11)的相容性较差,因此,利用熔融接枝法制备了PLA与甲基丙烯酸缩水甘油酯(GMA)的接枝物PLA-g-GMA,并充当共混物的增容剂。在共混的过程中,利用增容剂原位反应性,增容PLA与PA11的共混体系。对共混物进行力学性能测试,结果表明,在没有添加增容剂的条件下,共混物的力学性能较差;随着接枝物的加入,共混物的力学性能显著提高。在PLA/PA11(80/20)组分中,当增容剂的含量达到20%时,共混物的断裂伸长率和拉伸强度均达到了最大值分别为281. 14%、53. 16 MPa,且材料抗冲击性能也有一定的改善,与纯PLA相比,增加了132%。     

氟橡胶接枝γ-丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷对氟橡胶/硅橡胶共混物的增容作用

采用化学接枝法制备氟橡胶接枝γ-丙烯酰氧基丙基三甲氧基硅烷,将其作为氟橡胶/硅橡胶共混物的增容剂,研究了增容剂用量对共混物物理机械性能的影响,并通过动态黏弹仪表征了共混物的相容性.结果表明,当增容剂质量分数不超过11.8%时,共混物的物理机械性能随着增容剂用量的增加而提高,氟橡胶和硅橡胶的相容性得到改善.     

PBS/PCL共混物的增容研究

采用1,4-丁二酸、1,4-丁二醇和己内酯为共聚单体,合成丁二酸丁二酯-己内酯共聚物[P(BS-coCL)],作为聚丁二酸丁二酯(PBS)/聚己内酯(PCL)共混物的增容剂。通过将m(PBS)∶m(PCL)为80∶20的PBS/PCL共混物与增容剂熔融共混,制备不同增容剂含量的PBS/PCL共混物。结果表明:随着增容剂P(BS-co-CL)的加入,PCL相的结晶能力增强,PBS相的结晶能力减弱;增容剂的加入未改变共混物中PBS及PCL相的晶体结构;当增容剂用量为5 phr时,共混物两相的界面相容性提高,共混物晶体生长受到抑制,晶体尺寸变小,共混物的拉伸形变显著增大。     

多单体接枝聚丙烯对PP/PA6共混物形态及力学性能的影响

用同向双螺杆挤出机制备了马来酸酐(MAH)、苯乙烯(St)多单体熔融接枝聚丙烯[PP-g-(St-MAH)],将其作为增容剂在Haake转矩流变仪上与PP/PA6共混得到PP/PA6/PP-g-(St-MAH)共混物,并对共混物的性能及结构进行了表征。结果表明,该增容剂明显改善了共混物的力学性能,当增容剂含量为15~20份时,共混物的冲击强度和拉伸屈服强度达最大值。采用扫描电子显微镜观察共混物试样断面的形态,发现分散相的粒径明显减小,且分散均匀。     

增容PP/回收PET共混物的力学性能

采用熔融挤出法制备了聚丙烯(PP)/增容剂/回收聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯(r-PET)共混物,研究了r-PET、不同增容剂和混合增容剂对PP/r-PET共混物力学性能的影响.r-PET提高了PP的拉伸强度、弯曲强度及其模量,但降低了冲击强度;采用马来酸酐接枝聚丙烯(PP-g-MAH)增容,可提高PP/r-PET共混物的拉伸强度、弯曲强度及其模量,但使冲击强度稍有降低;马来酸酐接枝乙烯-辛烯共聚物(POE-g-MAH)增容或PP-g-MAH/POE-g-MAH混合增容可提高PP/r-PET共混物的冲击强度,且对共混物的拉伸和弯曲强度影响不大.     

PET与HDPE的共混物研究

对聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(PET)与高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)共混物近十几年来的研究进展进行了综述.PET与HDPE为不相容共混物,加入增容剂后,不仅增加了体系的相容性,而且改善了体系的性能.本文介绍了PET/HDPE共混体系的增容剂和性能.     

混合增容剂对HDPE/sPS共混物形态及性能的影响

分别采用2种组成相近而分子量不同的苯乙烯-乙烯/丁烯-苯乙烯共聚物(SEBS)以及两者的混合物对高密度聚乙烯/间规聚苯乙烯(HDPE/s PS)共混物进行增容改性。通过扫描电镜(SEM)及拉伸实验试验考查了增容剂的分子量及含量对HDPE/s PS共混物形态结构及力学性能的影响。结果表明:两种增容剂都能降低s PS分散相尺寸,使两相界面的粘合力增强。相对较低分子量的SEBS(K1652)能显著提高两相界面粘结性,进而能有效提高共混物的拉伸强度,而较高分子量的SEBS(K1651)能显著改善共混物的韧性。一定比例混合的共聚物作为增容剂在改善共混物性能方面具有协同效应,可以同时提高共混物拉伸强和断裂伸长率,混合增容剂效果优于单一增容剂。HDPE/s PS共混物中加入质量分数4%的K1652和2%的K1651,共混物的综合力学性能最优。     

POM/HDPE共混物摩擦磨损性能研究

以(乙烯/丙烯酸)共聚物(EAA)为增容剂,采用挤出工艺制备了聚甲醛(POM)/高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)/EAA共混物,考察了不同含量的EAA对POM/HDPE共混物的摩擦磨损性能、力学性能的影响,并通过扫描电子显微镜对共混物的磨损表面形貌进行了观察和分析.结果表明,共混材料的磨损机制以粘着磨损为主,随着增容剂EAA含量的增加,共混物的摩擦因数和磨损量呈先减小后增大的趋势,当POM/HDPE/EAA的质量比为90/10/2时,摩擦因数和磨损量表现出最小值;加入增容剂EAA改善了共混物的相容性和力学性能.     

聚苯醚与尼龙6共混物的增容改性

以PPE／PA6共混物为基体,进行性能与结构的表征,对比了不同PPE／PA6比例的共混物性能以及添加增容改性树脂、增韧剂的使用效果。结果表明,增容改性树脂可使得PPE树脂粒子变得均匀,在提高共混材料的韧性的同时,改善了材料的拉伸性能;而弹性体虽可以提高PPE与PA6的共混物的冲击性能,但拉伸性能下降;添加5％增容改性树脂有助于改善玻纤增强PPE／PA6材料的力学性能。     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.