道路交通事故的人因失误分析

人因失误是道路交通事故最主要的原因因素，通过构建驾驶员认知响应模型．从人-机-环境系统分析的角度，对道路交通事故中驾驶员、交通安全管理、车辆和道路环境的人因失误因素进行了分析和探讨，并提出相应的对策.     

公路设计要点问题分析

公路交通安全研究是一个涉及多因素的动态系统工程，大量交通事故表明，整个交通系统中公路属于基础设施，是交通安全的一项重要因素。良好的道路几何线形，平整坚固的路面结构，清晰易懂的交通标志，合理有效的防护措施等都能为驾驶员提供安全可靠的行车条件。因此本文主要对公路设计中要点问题进行分析。     

一种基于逆透视变换的路面交通标识定位方法

准确快速地检测出路面交通标志并实时把路面相关信息给与驾驶员不仅能保证驾驶安全，还能避免交通事故的发生，对驾驶辅助系统的研究具有重要的意义。本文提出一种基于逆透视变换的路面交通标志检测方法，使得原本变形严重的路面交通标志得到矫正，为后续标志的识别提供了可靠的数据。     

各种道路宽度条件下汽车驾驶员注视点分布状况研究

现阶段,人们越来越关注道路因素带来的安全隐患,然而人们对影响驾驶员驾驶行为、驾驶速度的路面宽度这一因素却还没有进行深入的研究。本文试验研究了驾驶员在设定的道路条件下视觉、判断过程,试图通过了解驾驶员在不同路面宽度条件下注视点分布的变化规律,掌握驾驶员在这一道路条件变化时的感知,判断并操作行为规律,为进一步研究道路宽度对驾驶员速度控制模式影响奠定了基础。     

机械化除雪设备的发展及应用——国内推雪板前景展望

在寒冷的冬季,路面积雪结冰会给道路畅通和行车安全带来严重影响,冰雪使路面附着系数大大降低,使汽车打滑制动距离明显延长,甚至刹车失灵,方向失控,从而造成严重的交通事故。因此,为了保障道路畅通和行车安全,避免或减少交通事故,提高道路通行能力和运营的效益,必须采取措施清除路面冰雪。     

道路交通事故救援体系探讨

利用现有的检测设备和驾驶员情报系统，以交通安全地理信息系统与最优路径算法为核心，构筑了以提高效率、减少延误与事故损失为目的的道路交通事故救援体系。     

浅谈驾驶员如何提高职业道德修养

在一些交通事故中,特别是重大交通事故,有相当一部分驾驶员是因为缺乏必要的驾驶知识而照成的。在同一条道路上有着各种人群,如何准确的把握正确的行路知识,是每位驾驶员应具备的职业素养,由于在上路前一些驾驶员没有经过专门的训练,在处理事情时不能准确的判断,这就给专业的驾驶员带来了一定困难。面对这种请况如何才能杜绝,下面笔者谈了一下自己的观点。     

江苏扬中油坊派出所破获一起保险诈骗案

正8月26日,江苏省扬中市公安局油坊派出所接到交警部门转来的一起交通事故案件,此起事故的肇事车辆理赔金额达到9万余元,而且存有多处疑点。油坊派出所民警会同有关部门人员重新勘查现场,发现事发地段道路状况较好,货车停放在路边,肇事轿车是顺行方向直撞货车尾部,路面刹车痕迹不明显;肇事车引擎盖、大灯破损不符合常规;肇事车驾驶员姚某说是为     

道路照明设计中的若干问题分析

道路交通事故统计表明,夜间发生的交通事故约占全天事故的３０％左右。因此,研究道路照明中存在的问题,提高道路照明的质量,对于预防道路交通事故是很必要的。文章从驾驶员对道路照明的视觉要求出发,在分析道路照明质量指标的基础上,提出了一般道路照明的质量要求,即有足够的平均亮度,较好的亮度均匀度,而且不产生刺眼的眩光。同时,要考虑道路照明对景观美化的积极作用。针对道路照明设计中容易忽视的心理问题,提出几点注意事项,希望能为完善和改进道路照明提供参考。     

道路路面测量数据的特征参数提取与统计分析

介绍道路路面数据测量系统的构成和数据预处理方法。针对测量的道路路面数据,阐述由路面数据提取可表征其特性的特征参数,包括基本统计量、国际平整度指数和功率谱密度参数等。在路面特征参数提取基础上,以北京地区真实海量路面测量数据为例,进行道路路面特征参数的统计分析,得到可反映、表征该地区路面特点的统计分析结果。总结道路路面特征参数提取与统计分析方法,展望其应用前景。     

Risk compensation--the case of road lighting.

The hypothesis of this article is that drivers will not adjust their behavior, i.e. drivers are not expected to increase their speed, reduce their concentration or travel more when road lighting is installed. The hypothesis was based on previous research showing that road lighting reduces road accidents and that average driving speeds do not increase when road lighting is installed. Our results show that drivers do compensate for road lighting in terms of increased speed and reduced concentration. Consequently, the hypothesis is rejected. This means that road lighting could have a somewhat larger accident-reducing effect, if compensation could be avoided. The fact that previous research has found no change in average speed when road lighting is introduced, seems to be explained by increased driving speeds by some drivers being counterbalanced by a larger proportion of more slowly driving groups of drivers (elderly people and women), i.e. different subgroups of road users compensate in different ways.     

驾驶过程中手机使用的补偿式行为

驾驶员在驾车过程中使用手机会造成驾驶分心,研究驾驶中的补偿行为有助于降低驾驶分心造成的危害。通过模拟驾驶探究驾驶行为和生理指标在是否使用手机、不同路段复杂程度、不同驾驶员类型中的差异,从而使驾驶员注意到驾驶中使用手机的危害并及时采取措施,弥补驾驶分心带来的危害。研究结果表明,使用手机主效应在各项指标中均呈现显著影响(P<0.001),驾驶员类型主效应在阅读短信行为中的踩刹车持续时间上存在显著影响(P<0.01),使用手机与驾驶员类型交互作用在接听电话行为的心率、阅读短信行为中的平均速度、踩刹车持续时间和心率上存在显著影响(P<0.05)。比起接听免提电话,阅读短信时采取补偿行为的幅度更大(P<0.05);驾驶员比学员采取补偿行为的幅度更大(P<0.05)。     

Psychosocial correlates of the impact of road traffic accidents among South African drivers and passengers

The aim of the study was to investigate the psychosocial consequences and coping strategies among accident victims in South Africa. Participants (138 drivers and 141 passengers) who had been involved in a road traffic accident were approached and interviewed in public places. In both groups the median age group was between 25 years and 34 years. In 34 accidents (12.2%) a family member was killed, in 68 accidents (24.4%) a non-family member was killed in the accident. In 272 accidents 197 (72.4%) persons (both drivers and passengers) were injured and 168 (61.7%) were hospitalized. Eighty-seven drivers (63%) did not perceive themselves at fault and 51 (37%) did. Following the road traffic accident both drivers and passengers showed a significant decline of their well-being. Drivers who perceived themselves to be at fault did not cope better than those not perceiving themselves at fault. Passengers related to the drivers showed more decline in their well-being than those not related. Path analysis for drivers found that holding oneself responsible had a direct, and mediated by self-blame, guilt and family distress, negative effect on personal well-being. In the passengers group, holding the driver or others responsible led, mediated by increased self-blame, feelings of guilt, and family distress, to lower psychological well-being (PWB). Findings have relevant implications for the development of coping strategies to aid victims of road traffic accidents in dealing with their trauma in this African context, which may differ to those in Western societies.     

Driver behaviour profiles for road safety analysis

Driver behaviour is a contributing factor in over 90 percent of road crashes. As a consequence, there is significant benefit in identifying drivers who engage in unsafe driving practices. Driver behaviour profiles (DBPs) are introduced here as an approach for evaluating driver behaviour as a function of the risk of a casualty crash. They employ data collected using global positioning system (GPS) devices, supplemented with spatiotemporal information. These profiles are comprised of common risk scores that can be used to compare drivers between each other and across time and space. The paper details the development of these DBPs and demonstrates their use as an input into modelling the factors that influence driver behaviour. The results show that even having controlled for the influence of the road environment, these factors remain the strongest predictors of driver behaviour suggesting different spatiotemporal environments elicit a variety of psychological responses in drivers. The approach and outcomes will be of interest to insurance companies in enhancing the risk-profiling of drivers with on-road driving and government through assessing the impacts of behaviour-change interventions.     

市政养护施工围栏对安全驾驶的实验研究

目的:近几年随着社会经济的发展,市政养护作业增加,而市政养护部门缺少相关的规范和标准,这造成了养护工作无法有效地正常进行。本研究试图从道路使用者对福州市市政维护的满意程度以及整体状况展开实验调查,为中国的道路养护维修提供有效的客观数据。方法:本研究招募私家车,出租车和公交车司机对市政养护的实际驾驶情景中遇到围栏做出减速、变道的反应时,对围栏的总体满意度以及围栏是否影响驾驶行为等方面进行研究,采用E-prime软件采集数据,结果:发现私家车在遇到施工围栏的减速和变道反应快于出租车和公交车;所有车型司机对于施工作业围栏的满意度只有57%;公交车司机的危险性失误行为低于另外两个车型司机。结论:市政养护施工作业对不同道路使用者的安全驾驶行为产生一定影响。     

Video-based road commentary training improves hazard perception of young drivers in a dual task

This study used a video-based hazard perception dual task to compare the hazard perception skills of young drivers with middle aged, more experienced drivers and to determine if these skills can be improved with video-based road commentary training. The primary task required the participants to detect and verbally identify immediate hazard on video-based traffic scenarios while concurrently performing a secondary tracking task, simulating the steering of real driving. The results showed that the young drivers perceived fewer immediate hazards (mean = 75.2%, n = 24, 19 females) than the more experienced drivers (mean = 87.5%, n = 8, all females), and had longer hazard perception times, but performed better in the secondary tracking task. After the road commentary training, the mean percentage of hazards detected and identified by the young drivers improved to the level of the experienced drivers and was significantly higher than that of an age and driving experience matched control group. The results will be discussed in the context of psychological theories of hazard perception and in relation to road commentary as an evidence-based training intervention that seems to improve many aspects of unsafe driving behaviour in young drivers.     

Examining the nonparametric effect of drivers’ age in rear-end accidents through an additive logistic regression model

This study seeks to inspect the nonparametric characteristics connecting the age of the driver to the relative risk of being an at-fault vehicle, in order to discover a more precise and smooth pattern of age impact, which has commonly been neglected in past studies. Records of drivers in two-vehicle rear-end collisions are selected from the general estimates system (GES) 2011 dataset. These extracted observations in fact constitute inherently matched driver pairs under certain matching variables including weather conditions, pavement conditions and road geometry design characteristics that are shared by pairs of drivers in rear-end accidents. The introduced data structure is able to guarantee that the variance of the response variable will not depend on the matching variables and hence provides a high power of statistical modeling. The estimation results exhibit a smooth cubic spline function for examining the nonlinear relationship between the age of the driver and the log odds of being at fault in a rear-end accident. The results are presented with respect to the main effect of age, the interaction effect between age and sex, and the effects of age under different scenarios of pre-crash actions by the leading vehicle. Compared to the conventional specification in which age is categorized into several predefined groups, the proposed method is more flexible and able to produce quantitatively explicit results. First, it confirms the U-shaped pattern of the age effect, and further shows that the risks of young and old drivers change rapidly with age. Second, the interaction effects between age and sex show that female and male drivers behave differently in rear-end accidents. Third, it is found that the pattern of age impact varies according to the type of pre-crash actions exhibited by the leading vehicle.     

Evaluating changes in driver behaviour: A risk profiling approach

New road safety strategies continue to be devised by researchers and policy makers with pay-as-you-drive (PAYD) schemes gaining increasing attention. However, empirically measuring the effectiveness of these strategies is challenging due to the influence of the road environment and other factors external to the driver. The analysis presented here applies Temporal and Spatial Identifiers to control for the road environment and Driver Behaviour Profiles to provide a common measure of driving behaviour based on the risk of a casualty crash for assessing the effectiveness of a PAYD scheme on reducing driving risks. The results show that in many cases personalised feedback alone is sufficient to induce significant changes, but the largest reductions in risk are observed when drivers are also awarded a financial incentive to change behaviour. Importantly, the more frequent the exposure to the speeding information, the greater the magnitude of the change. However, the changes are disproportionately associated with those that were already safer drivers in the baseline period suggesting that some drivers may be predisposed to changing their behaviour. These results suggest that it would be beneficial to provide real-time or daily feedback on speeding behaviour in conjunction with a financial reward scheme, potentially as a component of insurance premiums.     

The impact of driver age on lost life years for other road users in France: A population based study of crash-involved road users

BACKGROUND: One of the concerns in road safety is the threat older drivers may pose to other road users. Using the rate of lost life years, the present study provides a public health approach to quantify this potential threat. METHODS: A total of 1570686 motorised vehicle drivers or motorcycle riders and 652246 non-drivers, i.e. vehicle passengers, pedestrians and cyclists involved in injury crashes in France between 1996 and 2004, were included in a population based cross-sectional study. Fatality rates and rate of lost life years for each crash-involved driver age class were calculated for the drivers themselves and for other road users. RESULTS: The study has shown a significant reduction in the rate of lost life years for crash-involved other road users (whether passengers, pedestrians, cyclists or opposing drivers) as driver age increases. Other road users lost half as many years of life when involved in crashes with drivers aged over 85 than with drivers under 65 (1.26 and 2.32 per 100 expected remaining life years, respectively). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that among road users involved in injury crashes, older drivers are less dangerous for the other road users. By attributing other road users' lost life years to each driver age, this study represents a new contribution to the debate about ageing and road safety.     

Vehicle impoundment regulations as a means for reducing traffic-violations and road accidents in Israel

The vehicle impoundment sanction in Israel is applicable to several violations, and authorizes police officers to impound a vehicle for period of 30 days, in addition to license suspension. This study examined the effects of vehicle impoundment on traffic-violations and road accidents in Israel, using both subjective and objective measures. A telephone survey was administered to 378 impounded drivers, examining their knowledge and support of the impoundment penalty, as well as the impoundment's effect on their daily life and subsequent driving behaviors. Survey results indicated most impounded drivers did not recognize the violations to which impoundment applies. Respondents described the impoundment experience as one, which interfered with a variety of daily life aspects, and eventually lead them to the adoption of safer driving behaviors. Additionally, data analysis of police records was performed on 1549 impounded drivers and 1354 controls with matching violations performed prior to the application of the impoundment regulation, comparing accident and traffic-violations involvement in the subsequent year. Results indicated that impoundment failed to yield a significant effect over subsequent accident involvement, compared to previous sanctions. A comparison of subsequent traffic-violations indicated lower rates of violations following impoundment as compared with previous sanctions. Specifically, drivers whose vehicle was impounded were less likely to commit traffic violations in the following year than drivers subjected to other sanctions. The results are explained according to psychological behavioral theories of punishment effectiveness. These findings provide further support for impoundment as a deterrent for several traffic-violations.