制备条件对胺改性纳米ZnO光催化性能的影响

采用有机胺化合物对溶胶-凝胶法制备的纳米ZnO进行改性。以紫外灯作为光源,以甲基橙水溶液为光催化反应模型降解物,研究胺改性后ZnO的光催化性能。并通过考察改性剂的量、凝胶温度、恒温搅拌时间及煅烧温度对改性纳米ZnO光催化性能的影响,确定最适宜的胺改性ZnO的制备条件。试验结果表明,二乙醇胺作为改性剂的效果较好,其最适宜制备条件为:二乙醇胺的掺杂量为n(二乙醇胺)/n(ZnO)为0.50,凝胶温度为80℃,凝胶老化时间1.5 h,煅烧温度500℃。此时,甲基橙降解率与未经过改性的ZnO相比提高了1倍。     

燃烧法制备纳米ZnO及光催化降解甲基橙的研究

分别以甘氨酸和柠檬酸为燃料,Zn（NO3）2为氧化剂,采用燃烧法制备纳米ZnO粉体并采用模拟太阳光进行甲基橙光催化降解研究。XRD和SEM表征样品表明,燃烧法能简单、快速制备纳米ZnO粉体。研究表明,燃烧剂和氧化剂的配比以及反应温度对制备的纳米ZnO降解甲基橙效果有较大影响。Zn（NO3）2与甘氨酸之比为0．2～0．5（物质的量比）,反应温度为5000C;Zn（NO3）2与柠檬酸之比为1．5,反应温度为600℃进行反应制备得到的纳米ZnO降解甲基橙效果较好。降解实验的结果表明,纳米ZnO能有效地光催化降解甲基橙染料。以柠檬酸为燃料制备的ZnO样品,在1h内对10mg·L^-1甲基橙溶液的降解率为90％。     

WO_3/ZnO的制备及其光催化降解甲基橙研究

以ZnSO4·7H2O、WO3和C2H2O4为起始原料,采用直接沉淀法制备了复合光催化剂WO3/ZnO。以甲基橙为研究对象,800W氙灯为光源,研究了催化剂煅烧温度、催化剂用量、WO3含量以及甲基橙初始浓度对其催化性能的影响。结果表明,WO3含量为15%,460℃煅烧3h所得的WO3/ZnO效果较好,在浓度为10mg/L的甲基橙溶液中加入WO3/ZnO1g/L,光照90min后脱色率可高达97.98%,且重复使用6次后脱色率仍在82%以上,表明WO3/ZnO复合光催化剂具有较好的催化性能和稳定性。     

牡蛎壳粉为载体的纳米ZnO光催化降解甲基橙的研究

以Zn(NO3)2·6H2O和Na2CO3为原料,采用沉淀法制备了以牡蛎壳粉为载体的纳米ZnO催化剂. 以高压汞灯(主波长365 nm)为光源,以所制备纳米ZnO催化降解甲基橙溶液,研究了催化剂用量、甲基橙初始浓度、光照时间、光强度等对甲基橙光催化降解效果的影响.结果表明,ZnO用量为3 g·L-1时,甲基橙降解率最高.     

纳米ZnO光催化降解甲基橙

以ZnSO4·7H2O和Na2CO3为原料,采用沉淀法制备纳米ZnO粉体。以甲基橙为研究对象,高压汞灯为光源,研究了催化剂用量、甲基橙初始浓度及煅烧温度对甲基橙降解率的影响。     

制备条件对纳米TiO2溶胶结构和性能的影响

以四氯化钛和氨水为原料,在低温下制备锐钛矿型纳米TiO2溶胶。通过XRD测试与对亚甲基兰和甲基橙的光催化降解实验,探讨了制备过程中酸的种类、酸的浓度、回流温度和回流时间对TiO2结构和光催化性能的影响。并得出具有高光催化活性纳米TiO2溶胶的最佳制备条件:硝酸浓度为0.08mol/L,回流温度为80℃,回流时间为2h。此条件下产物在太阳光照下对甲基橙和亚甲基蓝的催化降解率大于95%。     

纳米ZnO/SnO2粉体的制备及其光催化性能的研究

以SnCl4·5H2O、ZnNO3·6H2O、HCl、NaOH为原料,采用共沉淀法制备出纳米ZnO/SnO2纳米复合催化剂粉体,以降解甲基橙溶液反应为模型,考察了不同比例ZnO/SnO2纳米粉体的光催化活性,探讨了煅烧温度对催化剂催化活性的影响.并用差热失重分析仪(TG/DSC)、透射电镜(TEM)、X-射线衍射(XRD)测试手段对其进行了表征.结果表明:ZnO复合SnO2后,光催化活性明显提高,其中以ZnO/SnO2在ZnO∶SnO2=4∶1的情况下复合催化剂光催化性能最优;热处理温度在650℃保温时间2h所得到的复合催化剂催化性能最好.     

固相反应法制备铌酸铁光催化剂降解甲基橙

以Fe3O4和Nb2O5为原料,采用固相反应法制备铌酸铁光催化剂,评价了其光催化降解甲基橙的活性。研究了n(Fe)∶n(Nb)、煅烧温度、光催化剂质量浓度和光催化反应时间对光催化降解率的影响。700℃以下的煅烧产物中生成了FeNb2O6,800℃以上的煅烧产物中生成了FeNbO4。将n(Fe)∶n(Nb)为0.8的Fe3O4和Nb2O5在700℃煅烧8h可以制备出活性最佳的铌酸铁光催化剂。NiO的掺杂不能提高铌酸铁的光催化能力。当ρ(甲基橙)为10mg/L,ρ(光催化剂)为4g/L时,光催化降解效率最大,光照时间为180min时,甲基橙的η(降解率)为72.7%。     

硼掺杂TiO_2纳米颗粒的制备与可见光催化性能研究

通过用溶胶-凝胶法制备纯的和掺杂硼的TiO_2纳米颗粒,对样品进行可见光光催化降解有机废水实验,研究主要影响因素对甲基橙在可见光催化降解的影响规律。结果表明,在煅烧温度600℃,催化剂用量50 mg,摩尔比0.05,120 min光照甲基橙,最高降解率达51.26%。在此基础上,以镧硼掺杂比为1∶2的TiO_2催化剂的光催化降解率最高达61.48%。通过掺杂修饰的TiO_2,提高了其可见光的光催化活性。     

氧化锌纳米晶的制备及光催化性能研究

采用沉淀-热分解方法制备纳米ZnO,并用场发射扫描电子显微镜和X-射线衍射仪分析所制备的ZnO粉体的晶粒大小和物相,同时研究了在不同煅烧温度下制备的纳米ZnO对次甲基蓝的光催化降解效率.实验结果表明:在450 ℃下煅烧2 h制备的ZnO粉体的粒径基本分布在20～40 nm的范围内,且具有(假)六方结构.将在400 ℃和500 ℃下合成的ZnO纳米晶相比,在450 ℃下合成的样品对次甲基蓝的光催化降解效率较高;此外,外加适量的30%H2O2(质量含量,下同)溶液能显著提高纳米ZnO对次甲基蓝的光催化降解效率.     

Many Drugs of Abuse May Be Acutely Transformed to Dopamine,Norepinephrine and Epinephrine In Vivo

It is well established that a wide range of drugs of abuse acutely boost the signaling of the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, where norepinephrine and epinephrine are major output molecules. This stimulatory effect is accompanied by such symptoms as elevated heart rate and blood pressure, more rapid breathing, increased body temperature and sweating, and pupillary dilation, as well as the intoxicating or euphoric subjective properties of the drug. While many drugs of abuse are thought to achieve their intoxicating effects by modulating the monoaminergic neurotransmitter systems (i.e., serotonin, norepinephrine, dopamine) by binding to these receptors or otherwise affecting their synaptic signaling, this paper puts forth the hypothesis that many of these drugs are actually acutely converted to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) in vivo, in addition to transformation to their known metabolites. In this manner, a range of stimulants, opioids, and psychedelics (as well as alcohol) may partially achieve their intoxicating properties, as well as side effects, due to this putative transformation to catecholamines. If this hypothesis is correct, it would alter our understanding of the basic biosynthetic pathways for generating these important signaling molecules, while also modifying our view of the neural substrates underlying substance abuse and dependence, including psychological stress-induced relapse. Importantly, there is a direct way to test the overarching hypothesis: administer (either centrally or peripherally) stable isotope versions of these drugs to model organisms such as rodents (or even to humans) and then use liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to determine if the labeled drug is converted to labeled catecholamines in brain, blood plasma, or urine samples.     

Sapindaceae,cyanolipids, and bugs

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ. sanguinolenta, sequestration of host cyanolipids as glucosides renders these gregarious, aposematic insects unpalatable to a variety of predators. The blood glucoside profile and cyanogenesis ofJadera varies depending on the cyanolipid chemistry of hosts, and adults and larvae fed golden rain tree seeds (Koelreuteria paniculata) excrete the volatile lactone, 4-methyl-2(5H)-furanone, to which they are attracted.Jadera fed balloon vine seeds (Cardiospermum spp.) do not excrete the attractive lactone. Loss of the usual heteropteran defensive glands in serinethines may have coevolved with host specificity on toxic plants, and the orientation ofJadera to a volatile excretory product could be an adaptive response to save time.Mention of a commercial product does not consititute an endorsement by the USDA.     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

2008～2009年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2008年7月～2009年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2008～2009年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况。按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、环氧树脂、不饱和聚酯树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍。     

ICP-MS法测定地球化学样品中As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量痕量元素的研究

建立了测定地球化学样品中包括As、Cr、Ge、V等18种微量、痕量元素的ICP-MS方法。地化试样用HF-HNO3混酸分解后,以1 1 HNO3溶解干渣。由于制样不使用盐酸,避免了Cl对As、Cr、Ge、V的质谱干扰。用国家一级地球化学标准物质GBW 07309制备溶液优化仪器工作参数,并用于校准。方法测定限(6s)为:0.007~6.4μg/g,精密度(RSD%,n=12)为:29%~9.4%,经过国家一级地球化学标准物质的分析验证,结果与标准值吻合。方法已应用于国土资源调查的试样分析。