AM/AA/AMPS/DMAM的反相微乳液共聚合研究

以丙烯酰胺(AM)和丙烯酸(AA)为主单体,以2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)、N,N-二甲基丙烯酰胺(DMAM)作为功能性单体,以庚烷为分散介质,表面活性剂SF2810为乳化剂,采用反相微乳液聚合的方法合成了四元共聚物AM/AA/AMPS/DMAM.研究所得的最佳合成工艺条件为:水相中单体浓度为45%,引发剂过硫酸铵加量为单体质量的0.3%,乳化剂加量为油相质量的10%,反应温度为40℃,反应时间为5 h,单体的摩尔比为AM:AA:AMPS:DMAM=52:25:15:8.红外光谱分析证实了四元共聚物的结构.     

一种压裂液用抗温稠化剂的合成

以丙烯酰胺(AM)、丙烯酸(AA)、2-丙烯酰胺-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)、阳离子单体二甲基二烯丙基氯化铵(DMDAAC)为原料,以过硫酸铵为引发剂,采用水溶液聚合的方法,合成一种四元共聚物为抗高温压裂液稠化剂DF。用单因素实验法确定了最佳合成条件:单体摩尔比为AM∶AA∶AMPS∶DMDAAC=10:3:0.6:0.3,单体浓度为25%,p H=5,反应温度为45℃,引发剂过硫酸铵加量为单体总质量的0.1%,反应时间为24 h。     

星形阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺的合成及絮凝性能

以季戊四醇为核,并与硝酸铈铵组成氧化还原引发体系,过硫酸钾为助引发剂,引发丙烯酰胺(AM)与2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)自由基共聚合,合成星形阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂Star-P(AM/AMPS).采用FTIR和1H NMR对产物结构进行表征,并计算平均臂数.同时考察反应时间、单体浓度、引发剂用量、反应温度对聚合反应的影响.溶液性能评价结果表明,Star-P(AM/AMPS)的耐温性能及絮凝性能均优于线形PAM.     

抗盐性AA-AMPS共聚分散剂的合成

以丙烯酸(AA)与2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)为共聚单体,过硫酸铵为引发剂,异丙醇为链转移剂,采用水溶液聚合法,合成了AA-AMPS共聚物.研究了引发剂用量、链转移剂用量及聚合反应温度等因素对聚合产物黏均分子质量的影响.实验结果表明,在n(AA)∶n(AMPS)=96∶4,引发剂质量分数(基于两种单体)为2%～5%,链转移剂质量比(基于两种单体)为0.30～0.95,单体质量分数(基于反应体系)为40%,反应温度在85～100℃,反应时间3 h的条件下,合成出了黏均分子质量在3900～10 000范围内的AA-AMPS共聚物.最后对产物进行了红外光谱分析.     

AA—MAA—AMPS三元共聚物的合成及其阻垢分散性能

以丙烯酸(AA)、甲基丙烯酸(MAA)、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙基磺酸(AMPS)为单体，以水为溶剂，过硫酸钾为引发剂，按一定的比例进行聚合反应，合成了AA-MAA-AMPS三元共聚物．最佳合成工艺条件为，单体配比n(AMPS)：n(AA)：n(MAA)=2：10：7(摩尔比)，引发剂用量1．0％(占单体总质量)，反应温度为75℃，反应时间为4h，合成的三元共聚物对CaCO3，Ca3(PO4)2有较好的阻垢分散性能。     

一种钻井液用改性淀粉类降滤失剂的合成及性能表征

以玉米淀粉(CS)为基体,连续接枝丙烯酰胺(AM)、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)两种单体,合成了CS/AM、CS/AM/AMPS两种降滤失剂,并分别对其降滤失性能进行考察。研究结果发现,在CS和AM的聚合反应中,当反应温度为50,℃,引发剂浓度为单体质量的1.0%,CS与AM的质量比为1∶2,反应时间为3,h时,获得的降滤失剂效果最佳,滤失量为8.6,m L。在此基础上,引入AMPS,通过正交试验,得出钻井液老化后的最佳反应条件。     

基于压裂废水处理的三元两性聚合物絮凝剂的合成及性能

利用一种新的阳离子单体3-丙烯酰氧基-2-羟丙基三甲基氯化铵(AHPTAC)与丙烯酰胺(AM)和2-丙烯酰氨基-2-甲基丙磺酸(AMPS)通过水溶液聚合得到一种三元两性共聚物絮凝剂P(AM-AHPTAC-AMPS)(PAAA),将PAAA与聚合氯化铝铁(PAFC)复配用于处理两种压裂废水,并比较评价其与阳离子聚丙烯酰胺(CPAM)的絮凝性能。结果表明:合成PAAA的最适宜条件为AM、AHPTAC和AMPS的物质的量之比为1∶3∶2、单体总用量占反应体系的质量比为20%、复合引发剂VA-044与(NH 4)2S 2O 8-NaHSO 3质量比为1∶1、复合引发剂用量占反应体系的质量比为0.2%、反应温度为55℃;PAAA/PAFC复合絮凝剂具有较好的絮凝性能,对胜利孤岛压裂废水及涪陵页岩气压裂废水的COD Cr去除率分别为55.5%和82.7%;对水溶性有机污染物质含量高的废水去除效果更优,COD Cr去除率比CPAM/PAFC提高26%。     

疏水缔合共聚物的合成及溶液性质

 采用自由基胶束聚合法成功制备了丙烯酰胺(AM)/甲基丙烯酸十八酯(SMA)/2-甲基-2-丙烯酰胺基丙磺酸(AMPS)三元疏水缔合共聚物(HAPAM).考查了引发温度、单体质量分数、表面活性剂含量、疏水单体含量、单体配比以及引发剂浓度对共聚物表观黏度的影响,在聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)大分子主链上引入阴离子基团和疏水基团后,阴离子的电黏效应与疏水基团的疏水缔合作用相互协同,使得共聚物水溶液的黏度明显提高.利用FTIR光谱对共聚物结构进行表征,用RF-5301型荧光分光光度仪研究证实了共聚物在水溶液中的缔合行为.采用Brukerfiled流变仪对所合成的疏水缔合共聚物水溶液的流变行为进行研究.     

阴离子长链疏水缔合聚合物PAAO的合成及溶液性质

以丙烯酰胺(AM)、2-丙烯酰胺基-2-甲基丙磺酸钠(AMPS)、丙烯酸正辛酯(OA)合成了阴离子长链疏水缔合聚合物PAAO,考察了PAAO的合成条件。采用傅里叶红外光谱法对分子结构进行表征并对其增黏、抗盐性进行了研究。结果表明:当n(AM)∶n(AMPS)=83∶17,引发剂质量分数为0.09%,反应温度为60℃,疏水单体摩尔分数为1.54%时聚合物PAAO的表观黏度最高。此外强阴离子(-SO2-3)和疏水单体的加入,使PAAO水溶液表现出良好的增黏性、抗盐性。     

含氟疏水缔合聚合物的合成与性能评价

以丙烯酰胺(AM)、2-N烯酰胺基-2-甲基-N磺酸(AMPS)、甲基丙烯酸十三氟辛酯为单体,过硫酸钾为引发剂,采用胶束聚合法制备了含氟疏水缔合聚合物CJ=2。优化的最佳合成条件为AM:AMPS:FM质量比为4:1:0.15,单体质量分数为25%,引发剂质量分数为0.25%温度为60℃,pH为8。采用FTIR、元素分析仪对CJ-2结构进行了表征与性能评价。表征结果可知CJ-2为预期设计的目标产物;性能评价结果表明,CJ-2具有良好的增黏效果、较强的疏水效应及表面活性。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.