通气导管辅助下125I支架植入治疗恶性气道狭窄

目的探讨局部麻醉及通气导管辅助下~(125)I粒子气管支架治疗恶性气道狭窄的疗效。方法回顾性分析于我科接受~(125)I粒子气管支架植入术治疗的恶性气道狭窄患者180例。分析~(125)I气管支架植入前、后患者气促评级、血氧饱和度(SaO2)及呼吸频率,术后随访患者的~(125)I支架情况、临床症状及生存情况。结果 180例均成功接受~(125)I粒子气管支架植入术,共植入~(125)I支架180枚,其中筒状支架132枚、"Y"型支架34枚、"L"型支架14枚。术后患者呼吸困难症状均有显著缓解。本组患者SaO2由术前的(80.60±3.87)%提高至术后的(94.31±3.40)%,差异有统计学意义(t=-30.52,P0.01);呼吸频率由术前的(29.36±3.20)次/分改善至术后的(19.29±2.19)次/分,差异有统计学意义(t=35.09,P0.01)。术后随访3~13个月,6例患者出现~(125)I支架再狭窄;患者生存期为49~401天,平均(182±94)天,患者60天生存率的估计值为0.99,180天生存率的估计值为0.65。结论局部麻醉及通气导管辅助下~(125)I气管支架植入术治疗恶性气道狭窄是安全、有效的方法。     

喉罩用于气管狭窄患者气管内支架置入术的麻醉管理

对气管狭窄、呼吸困难患者放置气管内支架的麻醉对麻科医师而言是新的挑战。我们应用喉罩,在全身麻醉下成功保障了1例此类患者的术中安全,现将结果报告如下。 患者,女性,53岁,54kg,因高热4个月,气管切开术后3月,呼吸困难2月入院。患者缘于4个月前无明显诱因出     

气管支架置入术治疗气管恶性狭窄的并发症分析

目的探讨应用气管支架治疗气管恶性狭窄的并发症。方法回顾性分析1999年11月—2011年6月在局麻和数字减影血管造影机下应用气管支架治疗气管恶性狭窄的25例患者资料,其中6例置入Z型不锈钢支架,19例置入镍钛记忆合金支架,观察支架相关并发症。结果置入Z型不锈钢支架的6例患者中,所有支架置入后即刻完全扩张,2例出现支架移位,随访期中支架再狭窄3例,其中肿瘤增生性狭窄1例,黏稠痰液阻塞性狭窄1例,支架断裂伴肉芽增生性狭窄1例;置入镍钛记忆合金支架的19例患者中,术中无支架移位,2例即刻完全扩张,17例术后3天～3个月扩张完全,随访期内支架再狭窄2例,其中肿瘤增生性狭窄1例,肉芽增生性狭窄1例。所有患者术后呼吸困难即刻明显改善。结论应用气管支架治疗气管恶性狭窄有一定并发症,但仍是一种作用迅速、效果显著的治疗措施。     

镍钛记忆合金支架气管内植入术的麻醉处理

镍钛记忆合金支架(Ni-Tamemory allous stent，简称Ni-Ti支架)气管内植入术是近十多年来发展起来的气管外科技术，它能有效解除由于各种良、恶性疾病所引起的局限性气管狭窄症状。但其麻醉处理较为复杂。本文回顾性总结了本院自1996年1月～2003年8月间的32例Ni-Ti支架植入手术，旨在对其麻醉管理进行初步探讨。     

基层医院7例气管支架应用的临床分析

目的探讨气管支架在基层医院的临床应用前景。方法回顾性分析2003～2011年笔者所在科室收治且进行气管支架植入手术7例严重气道狭窄患者的的临床资料,探讨气管支架植入手术对气道狭窄的治疗效果。结果术后患者气道紧张状况迅速缓解,呼吸困难症状得到了明显改善。结论对气道狭窄患者行气管支架手术疗效较好,值得临床推广。     

气管支架置入术治疗气管狭窄患者的护理

对20例气管狭窄患者行镍钛合金支架置入术治疗。做好术前心理护理，局部麻醉，术中密切监护并做好术后并发症的预防及护理。20例患者均顺利完成支架安放．术后呼吸困难改善。未发生大咯血及支架移位等严重并发症。     

气管支架置入术治疗气管狭窄患者的护理

对20例气管狭窄患者行镍钛合金支架置入术治疗,做好术前心理护理,局部麻醉,术中密切监护并做好术后并发症的预防及护理.20例患者均顺利完成支架安放,术后呼吸困难改善,未发生大咯血及支架移位等严重并发症.     

气管切除与人工气管重建手术25例麻醉方法分析

目的 分析讨论气管切除吻合或人工气管替代等手术的麻醉方式和结果.方法 对采用不同手术方式治疗的25例气管良、恶性疾病患者的麻醉和手术过程进行了回顾性分析.其中良性疾病患者10例,恶性疾病患者15例.全组患者气管管腔均有不同程度的狭窄,严重者伴有明显呼吸困难.气管病变长度2.0～7.5cm.气管切除最长者8 cm,行一期吻合者14例,行人工气管替代者7例.该组患者采用单纯全身麻醉气管插管者13例,同时行心肺转流者2例;经已有的气管切开行全身麻醉者8例,在局部麻醉下行气管切开后全身麻醉者2例;行高频喷射通气辅助者2例.气管切断后,均需经远端气管或对侧主支气管内插管维持麻醉和通气.结果 全组患者均顺利完成手术,无麻醉和手术死亡.2例患者于气管切开后向左主支气管插管困难,1例患者向左主支气管插管过深,仅余左下肺通气,造成血氧饱和度下降;1例患者术毕改换无气囊导管时造成吻合口裂开;均经处理后好转.结论 气管手术麻醉风险高,个性化、周密的麻醉和手术方案以及麻醉医师与手术医师的密切配合,是保证麻醉和手术安全的关键.     

严重气道狭窄患者气管内治疗的麻醉管理

目的：探讨严重气道狭窄患者气管内治疗的麻醉管理方法。方法：10例不同原因气道狭窄患者分别进行狭窄气道内支架置入术、支架或异物取出术或气管造口处“T”管置入术,分别于全身麻醉下采用气管插管、喉罩及高频喷射等不同的保障气道及通气的方法。结果：经气管导管或喉罩支气管镜下定位气道内支架成功放置7例;感染气管支架或异物取出失败各1例,但均清除部分坏死组织,解除部分气道梗阻;经气管导管手控呼吸及高频喷射通气下“T”型硅胶管成功放置1例。结论：严重气道狭窄患者气管内治疗的麻醉管理关键在于保障气道内操作时的气道通畅。气管插管、喉罩及高频喷射等可灵活应用于不同的病例,其选择主要取决于气道梗阻的部位、严重程度及治疗方法,医护人员的通力协作也是成功的保障之一,经喉罩通气下行气管内操作为可行的方法之一。     

气管切除后人工气管植入术的手术配合

对1例3次气管乳头状瘤术后复发、气管内肿瘤长5.5cm患者行手术治疗。一期局麻下行镍合金网颈部植入术,二期全麻下手术切除6cm含肿瘤的气管并行人工气管植入术。结果患者未发生术中、术后并发症,术后10d出院。随访1年,纤维气管镜示植入人工气管吻合好,气管内径光滑无异物生长,患者能正常工作学习,无呼吸困难发生。提出充分的术前准备和护士熟练配合是手术成功的重要保证。     

Perioperative management for placement of tracheobronchial stents

Tracheobronchial stenting was performed under general anesthesia, with (six patients) or without (two patients) muscle relaxant, in eight patients suffering from carcinoma. All patients had presented preoperatively with dyspnea, exhibiting Hugh-Jones grade 4 or 5. Three patients had been mechanically ventilated before the procedure. The procedure was performed under general anesthesia with flexible bronchoscopic guidance. Stent placement was performed either through an orotracheal tube (four patients) or through a transtracheal tube (two patients) in those who had no upper tracheal stenosis, while it was performed through a laryngeal mask airway in two patients with upper tracheal stenosis. During the procedure, arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation (Sp_O2) decreased in all patients, despite fraction of inspired oxygen (FI_O2) being maintained at 1.0. Except for two patients, one of whom developed superior vena cava syndrome and one, tension pneumothorax after stent placement, there were no complications resulting from stent placement. Six patients were weaned from mechanical ventilation (0–24 days after the procedure). Two of the three patients who had been on mechanical ventilation preoperatively could not be weaned. Stent insertion is an effective treatment for tracheobronchial stenosis, but its indications in patients with malignancy who have been mechanically ventilated prior to stenting should further be evaluated.     

Nitinol stent for the treatment of tracheobronchial stenosis

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential utility of implantation of a nickel-titanium alloy (nitinol) stent for the treatment of malignant or benign tracheobronchial stenosis. METHODS: We evaluated 18 patients (14 men and 4 women) who received 24 nitinol stents, between November 1997 and May 2000. All 18 patients had severe dyspnea caused by tracheobronchial stenosis. The underlying condition was malignant disease in 15 patients, and benign tracheal collapse in the other 3 patients. RESULTS: Implantation of the stent was successfully performed in all patients. Seventeen patients experienced immediate clinical improvement in respiratory symptoms. The remaining 1 patient with a bronchial fistule after lobectomy did not benefit, and died of pneumonia at 16 days after the implantation. In 15 patients, the procedure was performed using a flexible bronchoscope under local anesthesia alone, while the remaining 3 patients needed intravenous sedation. There was no complication resulting from the stent implantation. Among the 3 patients with benign tracheal collapse, 2 patients were alive at 746 and at 401 days after the stent implantation, at the time of this report. One patient with cicatricial stenosis after intubation died of heart failure due to previous myocardial infarction. Among the 15 patients with malignant disease, 4 patients have survived for 177 to 305 days to date, while the other 11 patients have died of primary malignancy with a mean survival duration of 60.2 days. CONCLUSION: The nitinol stent was effective in treating malignant or benign tracheobronchial stenosis, and had some remarkable advantages compared with other tracheobronchial stents. In stenting, most procedures can be performed using flexible bronchoscope under local anesthesia.     

The management of post-intubation tracheal stenoses with self-expandable stents: early and long-term results in 11 cases

Objective: The optimal management of post-intubation tracheal stenoses is surgical reconstruction of the airway. Stenting of the trachea using silastic T-tubes or one of the various types of tracheal stents are the alternative ways to surgical reconstruction for the management of post-intubation tracheal stenoses. The early and long-term results of 11 patients with post-intubation tracheal stenosis, who underwent tracheal stenting with self-expandable metallic stents (SEMSs), are presented. Methods: Twelve patients (10 men, mean age: 47.8 ± 20.4 years) with post-intubation tracheal stenosis were referred for tracheal stenting with SEMS (2000–2004). In three cases, the upper tracheal stenosis extended within the subglottic larynx. Stenting was successful in 11 patients, while, in one patient with involvement of the subglottic larynx, the attempt to insert the stent failed. Follow-up time varied from 6 to 96 months, and it was made with virtual and fiberoptic bronchoscopy. Results: Immediate relief of obstructive symptoms was observed in all the 11 patients, where an SEMS was successfully inserted. Stent dislodgement occurred shortly after the procedure in two patients, and it was treated with insertion of a new stent in the first case and a stent-on-stent insertion in the second. Good patency of the stent was observed in three patients for 60–96 months. Three patients with good patency of the stent died from other reasons 24–48 months after stent insertion. Four patients developed obstructive granulation tissue at the ends of the stent after 12–43 months, requiring further treatment with thermal lasers and/or tracheostomy. One patient underwent stent removal and successful laryngotracheal reconstruction 6 months after stent insertion. Conclusions: The application of SEMS in post-intubation tracheal stenoses results in immediate improvement of obstructive symptoms without significant perioperative complications. SEMSs have the potential risks of migration and of granulation tissue formation at the end of the stent. SEMS should be applied only in strictly selected patients with post-intubation tracheal stenosis, who are considered unfit for surgery and/or with limited life expectancy.     

The Insertion of Self Expanding Metal Stents With Flexible Bronchoscopy Under Sedation for Malignant Tracheobronchial Stenosis: A Single-Center Retrospective Analysis

ObjectiveTo describe a 10-year experience of inserting Ultraflex? self-expanding metal stents (SEMS) under sedation using flexible bronchoscopy for the treatment of malignant tracheobronchial stenosis in a tertiary referral center.MethodsMedical notes were retrospectively reviewed for all patients who underwent SEMS insertion between 1999 and 2009.ResultsA data analysis of 68 patients who had Ultraflex? SEMS inserted under sedation was completed. Thirty-three males and 35 females with a mean age of 67.9 years (range 35–94) presented with features including dyspnea/respiratory distress (39 patients), stridor (16 patients), and hemoptysis/dyspnea (13 patients). Etiology of stenosis included lung cancer (46 patients), esophageal cancer (14 patients), and other malignancies (8 patients). Mean dose of midazolam administered was 5 mg (range 0–10 mg). The trachea was the most common site of stent insertion followed by the right and left main bronchus, respectively. Adjuvant laser therapy was applied at some stage in 31% of all cases, and chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy was administered to at least 64% of patients with malignant disease.Hemoptysis and stent migration were the most frequent complications (5 and 4 patients, respectively). The mean survival time of stented non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients was 214 days (range 5–1233) and that of esophageal malignancy was 70 days (range 12–249). Mean pack-year history of individuals with lung cancer requiring stent insertion was 37 (range 2–100).ConclusionUltraflex stents offer a safe and effective therapy for patients who are inoperable or unresectable that otherwise would have no alternative therapy. It has an immediate beneficial effect upon patients, not only through symptom relief but also, in some, through prolongation of life. Survival data are no worse than other studies using different varieties of stents and insertion techniques indicating its longer-term efficacy. Moreover, this report highlights the feasibility of performing this procedure successfully in a respiratory unit, without the need for general anesthesia.     

Anesthetic management of patients with tracheal stenosis for endoscopic treatment: usefulness of laryngeal mask airway

We report two cases of tracheal stenosis for endoscopic treatment under general anesthesia with laryngeal mask airway. The tracheal stenosis of the two patients was so close to the glottis that endotracheal tube could not be inserted, and laryngeal mask airway was beneficial for maintaining airway and obtaining operating field. During the procedure, patients breathed spontaneously and we could support their ventilation easily and sufficiently. Endoscopic treatment of the airway obstruction by Nd-YAG laser associated with balloon dilatation and stent is an effective method of relieving the distressing symptom of asphylaxia, and laryngeal mask airway is considered to be useful for performing successful endoscopic procedure.     

Sequential Stenting for Extensive Malignant Airway Stenosis

Purpose: Malignant airway stenosis extending from the bronchial bifurcation to the lower lobar orifice was treated with airway stenting. We herein examine the effectiveness of airway stenting for extensive malignant airway stenosis.Methods: Twelve patients with extensive malignant airway stenosis underwent placement of a silicone Dumon Y stent (Novatech, La Ciotat, France) at the tracheal bifurcation and a metallic Spiral Z-stent (Medico’s Hirata, Osaka, Japan) at either distal side of the Y stent. We retrospectively analyzed the therapeutic efficacy of the sequential placement of these silicone and metallic stents in these 12 patients.Results: The primary disease was lung cancer in eight patients, breast cancer in two patients, tracheal cancer in one patient, and thyroid cancer in one patient. The median survival period after airway stent placement was 46 days. The Hugh–Jones classification and performance status improved in nine patients after airway stenting. One patient had prolonged hemoptysis and died of respiratory tract hemorrhage 15 days after the treatment.Conclusion: Because the initial disease was advanced and aggressive, the prognosis after sequential airway stent placement was significantly poor. However, because respiratory distress decreased after the treatment in most patients, this treatment may be acceptable for selected patients with extensive malignant airway stenosis.     

Laryngeal mask airway in patients with tracheal stents who are undergoing non-airway related interventions: report of three cases

The tracheal stent is an alternative nonsurgical management tool for patients with tracheal stenosis caused by disease or iatrogenic trauma. Some patients with tracheal stent may need to be anesthetized to allow invasive techniques or surgery to be performed. In these patients, general anesthesia by endotracheal intubation may dislodge the stent distally or cause lethal complications such as bleeding. We describe three patients with a tracheal stent in place, who were anesthetized using a Laryngeal Mask Airway for surgery, with smooth results.     

Respiratory management during endotracheal placement of the Dumon stent for tracheobronchial stenosis

BACKGROUND: Endotracheal stenting at the stenotic area of the trachea or bronchus is less invasive and beneficial for patients, compared with conventional surgical treatment. METHODS: We investigated intraoperative respiratory managements for 26 patients (65+/-14 years-old) with Dumon type stent in a retrospective manner. SpO2 over 90% was an index for the intraoperative respiratory managements. RESULTS: Nine of the 26 subjects were emergency cases. Four of the 26 patients had been preoperatively under controlled respiration (CR) with an endotracheal tube, while the remaining 22 had been left under spontaneous respiration (SR). The lung cancer (10 patients) was the most frequent causative disease, followed by tracheo-broncheal invasion of the esophageal cancer (6 patients). Preoperative PaO2 in 8 of the SR group was under 70 mmHg. When SR was preserved during subsequent operation, intravenous anesthesia using propofol and fentanyl was given in combination with surface local anesthesia. I-type stent was used for 17 patients with tracheal or bronchial stenosis and Y-type stent for 9 with carina stenosis. As to the respiratory management during stenting, SR was preserved in 14 patients, CR including jet ventilation under the use of a muscle relaxant was performed in 8 patients and percutaneous cardiopulmonary support (PCPS) was used in 4 patients. In one SR patients, SR was switched to emergency PCPS on the way because of airway obstruction. In another SR patient with successful bronchial stenting, the collapsed lung was rapidly re-expanded by using jet ventilation, causing multi-embolism to the vital organs including the heart and the brain. Traumatic complications on bucking were not seen even under the condition of SR. Postoperatively, 21 of the 26 patients were transferred to ICU without endotracheal intubation. CONCLUSIONS: In a case in which severe respiratory insufficiency or airway bleeding is anticipated, PCPS on standby is necessary for safety assurance.     

Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy-Assisted Endotracheal Intubation in a Patient With a Large Tracheal Tumor

In the event of a high degree of airway obstruction, endotracheal intubation can be impossible and even dangerous, because it can cause complete airway obstruction, especially in patients with high tracheal lesions. However, a smaller endotracheal tube under the guidance of a bronchoscope can be insinuated past obstructive tumor in most noncircumferential cases. Here we report a case of successful fiberoptic bronchoscopy-assisted endotracheal intubation in a patient undergoing surgical resection of a large, high tracheal tumor causing severe tracheal stenosis. A 42-year-old Chinese man presented with dyspnea, intermittent irritable cough, and sleep deprivation for one and a half years. X-rays and computed tomography scan of the chest revealed an irregular pedunculated soft tissue mass within the tracheal lumen. The mass occupied over 90% of the lumen and caused severe tracheal stenosis. Endotracheal intubation was done to perform tracheal tumor resection under general anesthesia. After several failed conventional endotracheal intubation attempts, fiberoptic bronchoscopy-assisted intubation was successful. The patient received mechanical ventilation and then underwent tumor resection and a permanent tracheostomy. This case provides evidence of the usefulness of the fiberoptic bronchoscopy-assisted intubation technique in management of an anticipated difficult airway and suggests that tracheal intubation can be performed directly in patients with a tracheal tumor who can sleep in the supine position, even if they have occasional sleep deprivation and severe tracheal obstruction as revealed by imaging techniques.Key words: Tracheal tumors, Fiberoptic bronchoscopy, Difficulty intubation, Difficult airwayPrimary tumors of the trachea, mostly malignant, are rare, accounting for fewer than 0.1% of all tumors.¹ Surgical resection is the major option that has the potential to cure all patients with benign and low-grade tumors and most patients with malignant tracheal tumors.¹ Since surgical procedure often requires the airway to be shared by the anesthetist and the surgeon, patients who undergo tracheal tumor resection often present with a considerable degree of airway obstruction, which makes anesthetic management during surgical resection challenging.² In the event of a high degree of airway obstruction, endotracheal intubation can be impossible and even dangerous because it can cause complete airway obstruction, especially in patients with high tracheal lesions.³ However, tumors are not circumferential in most cases, and a small endotracheal tube can be insinuated past a highly obstructive tumor under the guidance of bronchoscopy.³ Here we report a case of successful fiberoptic bronchoscopy-assisted endotracheal intubation in a patient undergoing surgical resection of a large, high tracheal tumor causing severe tracheal stenosis.