高中学业水平考试试题难度模型建构*

利用主成分分析方法厘清试题难度影响因素之间的关系,进而从问题表征、问题解决和结果输出等3个维度上建立了影响高中学业水平考试试题难度的主要因素。通过编写高中学业水平考试测试题进行实证研究,建立影响因素常见呈现类型的难易赋值规则。选用机器学习的线性回归方法建构试题难度分析模型,并使用高考化学江苏卷部分试题的实测难度数据进行校验,模型难度预测值和高考难度实测值具有较好的拟合度,表明模型具有较好的应用价值和推广意义。     

浙江新高考化学加试题难度研究*

在对已有试题难度量化工具进行改进的基础上,建构了化学加试题难度评估工具。对2015年至2019年国家新高考实验区浙江省的8次化学选考加试题的难度进行了量化评价。结果表明,8次化学加试题整卷难度变化较大,但同一学年、有相同学生可能参与的2次化学选考的整体难度相近;加试题能力特征和难度差异明显,“有机化学基础”加试题(第32题)难度相对稳定,而第30题(化学反应原理)与第31题(实验化学)加试题难度却表现出一定的波动性。在对8次化学加试题的难度及相关因素进行分析的基础之上,也对如何提高加试题的编制质量,提出了可行性建议。     

基于Rasch模型的上海市某区化学高考一模试题分析*

应用分部评分模型从双层面、单维度视角分析了上海市某区高考一模试题质量。通过3 864 个样本分析得出以下结论:该测试卷信度和区分度良好(试题信度为1.00、区分度为26.20);试题平均难度比个体平均能力低1.31 logits,相对偏低;试题整体单维性良好,但部分试题拟合性较差;DIF检验表明,试题对不同性别群体不存在测试功能差异,但是分别有7题和1题对不同物理选考背景群体、不同政治选考背景群体存在测试功能差异,但对试题整体评价影响不大。最后,结合专家咨询,对质量不高的试题进行分析,并从试题、评分细则以及教学3个角度对如何形成良好的测评给出相关建议。     

基于学生出错诊断的试题难度影响因素分析

以问题解决理论构建化学试题的问题解决行为图,以高考化学试题为例,通过分析构成试题的要素,收集学生作答试题时出现的主要错误,建立学生的出错原因和被试内部认知特征之间的关系,从问题解决的角度对学生的答题错误进行诊断,并据此分析得出影响试题难度的因素。     

对高中生化学成绩与其行为归因影响的研究

探索高中学生对学习化学行为归因的倾向,寻找其规律性。为今后教学中根据不同学生进行适当的心理归因训练提供依据。采用自编成绩归因问卷对高中生学习化学行为归因进行调查。结果表明:(1)努力程度、学习兴趣是对化学学习影响较大的因素;学习方法、试题难度、休息等的影响则较小;(2)成绩与内归因、稳定影响成线性关系;(3)考试失败的学生成绩与内归因有线性关系。     

高中化学教科书课后习题难度预估方法研究

在文献研究的基础上,提出14个影响高中化学教科书课后习题难度的假设因素,并对这14个因素进行检验分析,最终剔除无效因素,确定对高中化学教科书课后习题难度有显著影响的因素是:运算要求、知识量、题型和行为目标层次。结合实测难度及14个影响因素的赋值标准,建立难度预估方程。并用实测难度检验预估方程的准确性,期望为今后化学试题难度预估研究提供基础。     

坐标图对试题难度的影响及启示

2011年高考试题中有较多的以“坐标图”呈现信息的试题,试题着重考查学生的图形转换能力。信息呈现方式的变化,在多大程度上引起试题难度的变化,这种相关性的研究就显得及时和非常必要,并且能够对教学有所帮助和启发。学生信息采集能力和转换能力的培养问题业已摆在教育者的面前,由于存在不同的教育观念,于是就有着不同的取舍和迥异的教育行动。     

化学奥赛中的物质结构推断题解法探析

根据给定信息推断物质的结构是化学奥赛中一种常见的试题类型。这类题分值高、难度大,是影响选手成绩的重要因素之一。研究最近几年的相关试题,我们发现这类试题所给定的信息大致可以分成6类:与键长有关的、与化合价有关的、与原子序数有关的、与配位体数目有关的、与杂化轨道类型有关的和与同分异构体数目有关的。而且信息的种类不同,试题的解法也不尽相同。下面逐一探讨每一类试题及其解法。1根据键长验证猜想要确定物质的结构,往往需要选手充分运用有关的物质结构理论知识,并在此基础上进行猜想和假设。有关的键长信息往往作为验证猜想是…     

关注试题等值 促进课程选择——2008年江苏、广东、海南高考化学选考模块试题比较研究

试题分“必考”和“选考”,是新课程高考化学试卷结构有别于传统高考的一个特征,是课程选择性的必然体现。力求不同选考模块试题的等值,是保证受试者选择均等、得分公平的前提。以2008年实验区高考化学试卷为样例,从试题长度、难度和效度3个维度的等值性,探讨了新课程高考化学选考模块试题命制问题,为落实课程选择性和体现高考公平提供了研究视角。     

基于SOLO分类理论的高考化学主观题的结构分析

借助SOLO分类理论作为评价工具,以定量的方式对2013-2015年间山东省高考化学试题进行解构与分析,并将试题在4个SOLO能力层次上的分值分布情况与试题难度、区分度等实测数据进行了比对研究。没有采用以往常见的以定性评价为主的高考试题分析模式,而是尝试采用定量方式对山东省高考必做试题中的主观性试题进行分析和评价,进而寻找高考化学试题适宜的SOLO试题结构。     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

A carbanion induced synthesis of highly congested pyrazole and imidazole containing heterocycles

An efficient approach to the synthesis of highly congested di, penta and hexacyclic pyrazoles as well as imidazole fragment containing novel heterocyclic molecule has been developed through a carbanion induced transformation of suitably functionalized 2H-pyran-2-ones, benzo[h]chromene and thiochromeno[4,3-b]pyrans. Due to the presence of fluorescence, we report their prime application metal sensor as off/on switching in ferric ions.     

Synthesis of pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles by Curtius reaction in Morita-Baylis-Hillman derivatives

Synthesis of substituted pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazines and pyrazino[1,2-a]indoles from the Morita-Baylis-Hillman derivatives of acrylates via saponification followed by Curtius reaction is described.     

正丁胺对激光染料荧光谱影响的研究

用正丁胺作为碳源,采用射频辉光放电制备碳膜,选用激光染料R6G和聚乙二醇混合液作为蒸气源,采用单源热蒸发,在蒸发室与染料同时沉积得到混合膜,用拉曼光谱和红外光谱分析了碳膜的结构和键合方式,分析表明:碳膜中存在胺基团和氢原子.混合膜的荧光谱测量结果表明,认为正丁胺对染料荧光谱的影响是因为胺基和氢原子的存在.     

Selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo- and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines via modified Pictet–Spengler reaction

An efficient tandem approach for the selective synthesis of 4,5-dihydroimidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 6a–g and imidazo[1,5-a]quinoxalines 7a–h by the reaction of 2-imidazolyl anilines 4a–c with aryl aldehydes 5a–k under mild reaction conditions is described. Introduction of electron releasing alkyl groups in substrates 4a–b was found to be instrumental for the success of the reaction.     

Understanding the Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-azaborine analogues

The Diels-Alder reactivity of 1,2-heteroborines (H₄C₄B(H)X, X?=?NH, PH, AsH; O, S, Se) has been computationally explored by means of Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations. The influence of the HB?=?X fragment on the reactivity of the system has been quantitatively analyzed in detail by means of the so-called Activation Strain Model (ASM) of reactivity. It is found that the interaction between these species and the dienophile is significantly stronger than that computed for their all-carbon isoelectronic counterpart, benzene. In addition, the strain energy plays a key role in the observed reactivity trends. The role of the aromaticity strength of these heteroarenes on the reactivity is also assessed.