导电高聚物的EXAFS研究(Ⅱ)FeCl_3掺杂的聚噻吩

聚噻吩是一种共轭有机高聚物,其结构如图1所示。类似于聚乙炔,经电子受体掺杂后的聚噻吩,呈现出较高的电导率。为了阐明导电高聚物的电导机制,必须搞清掺杂后掺杂剂的化学结构和高分子链与掺杂剂之间的相互作用。前文我们报道了用扩展X射线吸收精细结构(EXAFS)谱对H_2PtCl_6·6H_2O掺杂聚乙炔的研究,本文报道对FeCl_3掺杂聚噻吩的研究结果。     

聚芴主链含D-A型萘并噻二唑和苯并硒二唑衍生物的红光高分子发光材料

设计合成了新型的含萘并噻二唑（NT）或苯并硒二唑（BS）电子受体单元的D-A型红光掺杂剂,将它们引入到聚芴(PFO)的主链,调节掺杂剂含量,合成了一系列具有“掺杂剂/主体”特性的红光高分子材料含萘并噻二唑衍生物的聚芴(PFR-xNT)和含苯并硒二唑衍生物的取芴(PFR-xBS)。 这些红光高分子的吸收光谱主要表现为聚芴主体的吸收,荧光光谱既有主体聚芴的蓝光峰,也有掺杂剂的红光峰,并且红光峰的相对强度随着掺杂剂含量的增加而增强。 与光致发光光谱不同,这些高分子的电致发光光谱主要表现为掺杂剂的红光发射,并在掺杂的摩尔分数达到1%时实现了主体聚芴向红光掺杂剂的完全能量转移。 其中PFR-10NT和PFR-10BS的单层器件(ITO/PEDOT:PSS/Polymer/Ca/Al)(PEDOT:聚3,4-乙烯二氧噻吩;PSS:聚苯乙烯磺酸)分别实现了电流效率1.61 cd/A,最大发射波长632 nm,CIE色坐标（0.63,0.35）以及电流效率1.10 cd/A,最大发射波长620 nm,CIE色坐标（0.63,0.36）的高效红光发射。     

聚噻吩的光电化学研究

导电聚合物是由一些具有共轭π键的聚合物经化学或电化学掺杂后形成的导电率可从绝缘体延伸到导体范围的一类高分子材料。其中噻吩及其衍生物具有导电率高、环境稳定性好、成膜性好、禁带宽度小等特点,是用做光伏电池的理想材料。相继报道的有聚3-甲噻吩[1]、聚3-己基噻吩[2],聚(3-十一烷基-2,2’-并噻吩)[3]等。对于聚噻吩的光电化学性质的研究,在国际上很少见报道,国内尚未见报道,本文对聚噻吩(PTh)的光电化学性质进行了研究。1实验部分1.1仪器与试剂光电化学实验采用带石英窗口的三电极电解池,工作电极为ITO/PTh膜电极,参比电极为饱和…     

聚3-(4-氟苯基)噻吩/碳化聚丙烯腈泡沫复合电极的电化学研究

噻吩衍生物是合成导电高分子材料的单体之一,在有机电致发光器件和电能存储等方面有着广泛的应用。聚3-(4-氟苯基)噻吩(PFPT)是一类既可进行p型掺杂又可进行n型掺杂的窄能带聚合物,在导电高分子型电化学电容器方面具有很好的应用前景,聚丙烯腈微孔膜已在锂离子电池方面有了很好的应用。若将它与碳纸复合后,再进行高温碳化和CO2活化,可制得导电性好、比表面积大的片状材料,作为电化学电容器的电极材料具有一定的双电层电容量．本文在三电极电解池中以这种材料的薄片为工作电极使3-(4-氟苯基)噻吩在乙腈溶液中进行电化学聚合,制备了聚3-(4-氟苯基)噻吩／碳化聚丙烯腈泡沫复合电极并研究了电极的电化学特性。     

聚噻吩/多壁碳纳米管复合材料结构与导电机理的研究

从结构和相互作用方面对聚噻吩(PTh)/多壁碳纳米管(MWNTs)复合材料进行了研究, 结果表明: 一方面聚噻吩本身的结构对其导电性能有一定的影响, 另一方面MWNTs作为一种掺杂剂, 和聚噻吩之间存在强的相互作用, 电子从MWNTs转移到聚噻吩. MWNTs和它周围被掺杂的聚噻吩通过π-π共轭作用形成相对独立的导电单元, 在复合材料的导电体系中起到主要作用, 随着这种导电单元数量的增加直至相互接触, 形成大的导电体系, 复合材料的电导率达到最大值.     

可溶性聚[3-(2,2,3,3-四氟丙氧基)噻吩]的光谱性质

研究了中性和经FeCI3掺杂后聚[3-(2, 2, 3, 3-四氟丙氧基)噻吩](P3FT)溶液的光谱性质。中性P3FT具有特殊的溶剂色效应, 其甲醇 溶液的溶剂化吸收带强度随P3FT浓度增大而增强, 该吸收带是高分子链与链之间的相互作用(即聚合物的聚集态结构)的反映。用电子光谱跟踪FeCI3掺杂P3FT的过程, 结果表明, P3DT随着掺杂程度的增大, 载流子由极化子转变成双极化子, 且双极化子的能级位于禁带中间, 与孤子相似。     

新型p-/n-掺杂型交替共聚物的合成及其光电性能的研究

本文通过Heck偶联法制备一种新型p-/n-掺杂型电致发光材料--3-十二烷氧基噻吩-共-1,3,4-噁二唑交替聚合物(P3DDOTV-OXD), 用核磁共振（1H NMR）及凝胶色谱（GPC）对结构进行了分析表征。用紫外光谱（Uv-vis）、荧光光谱法及电化学分析法对其光电学性能进行了研究。结果表明：聚合物的重均分子量为：5287,在氯仿溶液中,聚合物的紫外最大吸收波长为314nm,在401nm处发射出明亮的蓝光;较其均聚物（516nm）蓝移了115nm。 循环伏安测定结果表明: P3DDOTV-OXD在正、负向区域分别出现了一对氧化还原峰对,电子亲和能（Ia）为：2.88eV,有利于电子从阴极的注入。3-十二烷氧基噻吩-共-噁二唑交替共聚物实现了集空穴、电子双向传输为一体的高性能的聚合物光电功能材料的性能要求。     

3-次甲基（4-丁氧基苯胺）噻吩与吡啶、3-丁基噻吩共聚物的金属配合物催化法合成及性能

通过Schiff-base法合成了侧链含席夫碱的新型噻吩单体2,5-二溴-3-次甲基（4-丁氧基苯胺）噻吩,用Ni（Ⅱ）催化剂[二氯-1,3-双（二苯基磷）丙烷基镍（Ⅱ）]合成了新型共轭共聚物聚[3-次甲基（4-丁氧基苯胺）噻吩-共-3-丁基噻吩]（共聚物Ⅰ）和聚[3-次甲基（4-丁氧基苯胺）噻吩-共-吡啶]（共聚物Ⅱ）。采用FT-IR、1H-NMR对2种共聚物的化学结构进行了表征,利用UV-Vis、PL、循环伏安等测试方法对其进行光、电性能测试。结果表明：共聚物在氯仿溶液中发黄绿光,共聚物Ⅰ和共聚物Ⅱ的最大发射峰分别位于540 nm和516 nm,该类共聚物均具有一定的电化学活性。     

可溶性聚[3-(2,2,3,3-四氟丙氧基)噻吩]的光谱性质

研究了中性和经FeCl_3掺杂后聚[3-(2,2,3,3-四氟丙氧基)噻吩](P3FT)溶液的光谱性质.中性P3FT具有特殊的溶剂色效应,其甲醇溶液的溶剂化吸收带强度随P3FT浓度增大而增强,该吸收带是高分子链与链之间的相互作用(即聚合物的聚集态结构)的反映.用电子光谱跟踪FeCl_3掺杂P3FT的过程,结果表明,P3FT随着掺杂程度的增大,载流子由极化子转变成双极化子,且双极化子的能级位于禁带中间,与孤子相似.     

2-苯基噻吩的电化学聚合

聚噻吩及其衍生物是一类重要的导电高分子材料,它们具有良好的导电性、高度稳定性以及易于调控的分子链结构．因此,自从人们发现聚噻吩以来,噻吩类化合物,尤其是3-取代噻吩的聚合和表征一直受到人们的广泛关注[1,2]．相对而言,关于2-取代噻吩的聚合几乎还是空白,以往人们对其进行电化学聚合的尝试是不成功的[3]．     

聚邻甲苯胺的质子酸掺杂

采用不同种类质子酸对聚邻甲苯进行进行掺杂, 发现质子酸的酸性, 分子尺寸和氧化性均不同程度地影响其掺杂率和电导率。大分子尺寸有机强酸掺杂可诱导掺杂态聚合物的溶解性。ESR测量结果表明, 中性聚邻甲苯胺的自旋电子主要定或 杂原子上; 质子酸掺杂导致氮原子上的电子产生重新组态, 并部分离域到邻近的芳环上, 显示出芳香π-电子的特性。电阻与压力依赖性研究揭示出质子酸掺杂聚邻甲苯胺的导电类型为电子型。     

Flash photolytic generation of o-quinone alpha-phenylmethide and o-quinone alpha-(p-anisyl)methide in aqueous solution and investigation of their reactions in that medium. Saturation of acid-catalyzed hydration.

o-quinone alpha-phenylmethide was generated as a short-lived transient species in aqueous solution by flash photolysis of o-hydroxy-alpha-phenylbenzyl alcohol, and its rate of decay was measured in HClO4 and NaOH solutions as well as in CH3CO2H, H2PO4-, and HCO3- buffers. These data show that hydration of this quinone methide back to its benzyl alcohol precursor occurs by acid-, base-, and uncatalyzed routes. The acid-catalyzed reaction gives the solvent isotope effect kH+/kD+ = 0.34, whose inverse nature indicates that this reaction occurs via rapid preequilibrium protonation of the quinone methide on its carbonyl oxygen atom followed by rate-determining capture of the ensuing carbocationic intermediate by water, a conclusion supported by the saturation of acid catalysis in concentrated HClO4 solution. o-quinone alpha-(p-anisyl)methide was also generated by flash photolysis of the corresponding benzyl alcohol and of the p-cyanophenol ether of this alcohol as well, and its rate of decay was measured in HClO4 and NaOH solutions and in HCO2H, CH3CO2H, HN3, CF3CH2NH3+, imidazolium ion, H2PO4-, (CH2OH)3CNH3+, (CH3)3CPO3H-, and HCO3- buffers. Acid-, base-, and uncatalyzed hydration reaction routes were again found, and solvent isotope effects as well as saturation of acid catalysis, this time in dilute HClO4, confirmed a preequilibrium mechanism for the acid-catalyzed reaction. Analysis of the buffer data gave buffer-base rate constants that did not conform to the Br?nsted relation, consistent with the expected nucleophilic nature of the buffer reactions.     

APDC沉淀分离富集石墨炉原子吸收测定海水和生物样品中铅,镉,钴,铜,锡,砷和钼

我们曾研究一种新的分离富集方法,即在酸性水溶液中加入吡咯烷二硫代甲酸铵(APDC)沉淀镍后,将Ni-PDC溶于甲基异丁酮(MIBK)中,有机相直接进样石墨炉原子吸收测定尿和生物样品中痕量镍.本工作将此方法扩大应用于海水和生物样品中铅、镉、钴、铜、锡、砷和钼     

A ratiometric benzothiazole-based fluorescence probe for selectively recognizing HClO and its practical applications

A ratiometric probe (HBT-HBZ) bearing 2-hydrazino benzothiazole and 3-(benzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)-2-hydroxy-5-methylbenzaldehyde for sensing hypochlorous acid (HClO) with high selectivity and sensitivity is reported in this article. The fluorescence intensity ratios (I_{470 nm}/I_{572 nm}) of the probe with different concentrations of analyte showed excellent selectivity and a linear response to minor changes in HClO. The detection limit of 24 nmol/L suggests that the sensor is very sensitive to HClO. According to the series of performed experiments, HBT-HBZ has practical applications, such as the detection of HClO residues in tap water, which has been rarely reported. In addition, confocal laser microscopy experiments confirmed that HBT-HBZ can selectively recognize HClO in HeLa cells. A ratiometric probe (HBT-HBZ) for sensing HClO with high selectivity and sensitivity is reported in this article. The probe exhibited high selectivity for HClO among other ROS, RNS and anions. In addition, HBTHBZ has some practical applications such as the analysis of the HClO content in tap water. Furthermore, confocal fluorescence microscopy imaging showed that HBT-HBZ can be applied for detecting HClO in living cells.     

Effects of chemical modifications on the swelling behaviors of poly (4-vinyl phenol) gel

Poly (4-vinyl phenol) (P4VPh) gels were prepared by crosslinking with a hydrophilic crosslinker [ethyleneglycoldiglycidylether (EGDGE)] and a hydrophobic one [diglycidyl 1,2-cyclohexane dicarboxylate (DGCHDC)], and the former gel was further modified by CH₃I or C₂H₅I to partially convert the hydrogen of phenol OH to the corresponding alkyl groups. Swelling behaviors of P4VPh gels, thus modified, were investigated to see how the hydrophobic groups introduced to the crosslinker and the polymer substrate affect the super salt resistivity to inorganic ions and the high water content (>90%) that have been observed for the original P4VPh gel. Water content and salt resistivity were unexpectedly preserved even for the modified gels. Effects of the chemical modifications on the gel swelling were only observed in the presence of hydrophobic solutes, i.e., tetrabutyl ammonium chloride and ionic surfactants. All these results strongly suggest that hydration around the polymer substrate in the gel phase is specifically stabilized, probably because of the coexistence of the hydrophobic hydration and the π-hydrogen-bonding hydration around the phenol ring.     

Two types of two-component gels formed from pseudoenantiomeric ethynylhelicene oligomers

Two-component gels formed from pseudoenantiomeric ethynylhelicene oligomers in toluene exhibited two different properties depending on difference in numbers of helicenes in the two components. The combinations (M)-5/(P)-4, (M)-6/(P)-4, and (M)-7/(P)-4, which contained oligomers with comparable numbers of helicenes, formed transparent gels (Type I gels). The combinations (M)-6/(P)-3, (M)-7/(P)-3, and (M)-8/(P)-3, which contained oligomers with considerably different numbers of helicenes, formed turbid gels (Type II gels). Negative Cotton effects were observed for the Type I gels in the region between 350 and 450 nm, and were positive for the Type II gels, despite the use of (M)-oligomers for the longer components. UV/vis exhibited absorption maxima at 350 nm for the Type I gels and at 338 nm for the Type II gels. Different behaviors in gel formation processes were observed by fluorescence studies. Atomic force microscopy analysis showed fiber structures of 25-50 nm diameter for Type I gels and bundles of 100-150 nm diameter for Type II gels. The stoichiometry in gel formation also differed: The Type I gels showed 1:1 stoichiometry of the two components; the Type II gels showed no 1:1 stoichiometry, likely 1:2 stoichiometry. Using the Type I and II gels, two-layer gel systems were constructed.     

Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance analysis of the oxygen reduction reaction on Pt-based electrodes. Part 1: Effect of adsorbed anions on the oxygen reduction activities of Pt in HF, HClO4, and H2SO4 solutions

The effects of anion adsorption on the activities for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at a Pt film electrode in electrolyte solutions (HClO(4) and HF at various concentrations) were analyzed using an electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) and a rotating disk electrode (RDE). With an increasing HClO(4) concentration [HClO(4)], the onset potential for the Pt oxide formation in the voltammogram shifted in the positive direction, accompanied by a compression of the hydrogen adsorption/oxidation wave to less positive potentials. This is ascribed to a specific adsorption of the ClO(4)(-) anion, because the [HClO(4)] dependence of the mass change Δm detected by EQCM in the double-layer region was found to be fitted well by a Frumkin-Temkin adsorption isotherm. The potential dependencies of Δm in both 0.1 and 0.5 M HClO(4) solutions accord well with those of the ν(Cl-O) intensities observed by in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy in the potential range from 0.3 to 0.6 V. The kinetically controlled current densities j(k) for the ORR at the Pt-RDE were found to decrease with increasing [HClO(4)], because of the blocking of the active sites by specifically adsorbed ClO(4)(-). The values of j(k) in the non-adsorbing 0.1 M HF electrolyte solution, however, were smaller than those in 0.1 M HClO(4). It was found that the low ORR activity could be ascribed to the low H(+) activity in the weak acid solution of HF. We, for the first time, detected a reversible mass change for one or more adsorbed oxygen species on the Pt-EQCM in O(2)-saturated and He-purged HF and HClO(4) solutions. The coverages of oxygen species θ(O) on Pt were found to increase in the O(2)-saturated solution. High values of θ(O) in O(2)-saturated 7 mM HF suggest that the ORR rate was limited by the very low H(+) activity in the solution, and the adsorbed oxygen species remained on the surface because of a slow consumption rate.     

Simultaneous potentiometric determination of ClO(3)(-)-ClO(2)(-) and ClO(3)(-)-HClO by flow injection analysis using Fe(III)-Fe(II) potential buffer

A rapid potentiometric flow injection technique for the simultaneous determination of oxychlorine species such as ClO₃⁻–ClO₂⁻ and ClO₃⁻–HClO has been developed, using both a redox electrode detector and a Fe(III)–Fe(II) potential buffer solution containing chloride. The analytical method is based on the detection of a large transient potential change of the redox electrode due to chlorine generated via the reaction of the oxychlorine species with chloride in the potential buffer solution. The sensitivities to HClO and ClO₂⁻ obtained by the transient potential change were enhanced 700–800-fold over that using an equilibrium potential. The detection limit of the present method for HClO and ClO₂⁻ is as low as 5×10⁻⁸ M with use of a 5×10⁻⁴ M Fe(III)–1×10⁻³ M Fe(II) buffer containing 0.3 M KCl and 0.5 M H₂SO₄. On the other hand, sensitivity to ClO₃⁻ was low when a potential buffer solution containing 0.5 M H₂SO₄ was used, but could be increased largely by increasing the acidity of the potential buffer. The detection limit for ClO₃⁻ was 2×10⁻⁶ M with the use of a 5×10⁻⁴ M Fe(III)–1×10⁻³ M Fe(II) buffer containing 0.3 M KCl and 9 M H₂SO₄. By utilizing the difference in reactivity of oxychlorine species with chloride in the potential buffer, a simultaneous determination method for a mixed solution of ClO₃⁻–ClO₂⁻ or ClO₃⁻–HClO was designed to detect, in a timely manner, a transient potential change with the use of two streams of potential buffers which contain different concentrations of sulfuric acid. Analytical concentration ranges of oxychlorine species were 2×10⁻⁵–2×10⁻⁴ M for ClO₃⁻, and 1×10⁻⁶–1×10⁻⁵ M for HClO and ClO₂⁻. The reproducibility of the present method was in the range 1.5–2.3%. The reaction mechanism for the transient potential change used in the present method is also discussed, based on the results of batchwise experiments. The simultaneous determination method was applied to the determination of oxychlorine species in a tap water sample, and was found to provide an analytical result for HClO, which was in good agreement with that obtained by the o-tolidine method and to provide a good recovery for ClO₃⁻ added to the sample.     

电化学制备有序聚苯胺纳米线阵列

以有序碳纳米管阵列电极为基底电极,在硫酸或高氯酸溶液中,分别探明不同电化学聚合方法以及苯胺单体浓度对聚苯胺形貌的影响. 结果表明：采用循环伏安法无法制备出聚苯胺纳米线;而应用恒电位法虽可制得聚苯胺纳米线,但纳米线不能形成有序阵列;只有应用恒电流方法,并且以高浓度苯胺的高氯酸溶液作为聚合溶液,方能制得有序聚苯胺纳米线阵列.     

Investigation of suitable digestion methods for the determination of total phosphorus in soils

Total phosphorus in five soils with different compositions which were obtained from different places were extracted by using Na(2)CO(3) fusion, HClO(4) digestion, HClO(4) + HNO(3) digestion, HF + HClO(4) digestion or NaOBr oxidation methods. In order to test the suitability of the HF + HClO(4) digestion the results obtained by this method were compared with the others above, especially the Na(2)CO(3) fusion which is accepted as a standard method. The phosphorus amount found with the HF + HClO(4) digestion method were almost the same as the phosphorus amount by the Na(2)CO(3) fusion method, while the superiority in extracting phosphorus when compared to other methods were obvious. The methods used in the study were evaluated according to the recovery of total phosphorus, ease of application and rapidity with which they were performed. Orthophosphate in the soil extracts was determined by the molybdenum blue colour method. The relationships between methods are examined statistically.