计及相变微结构演化的形状记忆合金本构描述

基于对NiTi形状记忆合金的实验观察及有限元分析,考虑两相间的应变不协调关系,采用应变修正法建立了计及片层状微结构的本构模型,本模型考虑了两相间的相互约束,及其约束随微结构演化的变化规律.研究了NiTi形状记忆合金微圆管在拉伸和扭转下的响应特性.计算结果与实验结果的对比表明所建本构模型较好地描述了伪弹性响应尤其是较好地描述了拉伸实验过程中的应力跌落现象.     

铁磁纳米结构磁化状态及其磁-力耦合效应的相场模拟

基于随时间变化的Ginzburg-Landau(TDGL)方程,建立了模拟铁磁材料磁-力耦合效应的相场模型。从弱解形式出发,推导出了相关控制方程的有限元格式,然后编制程序进行数值求解。由于有限元对复杂边界有良好的适用性,该模型可用于不同形状铁磁材料的畴结构模拟。通过相场模拟,发现铁磁纳米结构中的磁化会形成涡旋结构,与实验观察到的磁化涡旋结构符合较好。由非均匀磁化引起的结构的变形、应力等力学参量都可以通过模拟一并得到。本文结果表明,改变结构形状可以有效控制磁畴结构的形态,适当的外应力可以改变磁畴结构及其对外磁性的大小。     

具有层状微观结构的NiTi单晶本构模型

建立了应力诱发的具有层状微观结构的NiTi单晶本构模型. 模型考虑母相和马氏体相弹性各向异性性质的差异, 以NiTi单晶相变过程中可能出现的24个马氏体变体为基础, 利用相变驱动力和理想界面的连续条件推导了马氏体相变的发生及发展过程, 以及单晶相变过程中宏微观应力应变的演化, 数值模拟了在不同加载方向材料的应力应变响应.结果表明, 对于不同的加载方向, NiTi单晶既存在强化也存在软化现象.      

超弹性镍钛形状记忆合金单轴相变棘轮行为的宏观唯象本构模型

超弹性镍钛形状记忆合金因其良好的力学性能以及独特的超弹性和形状记忆效应已广泛应用于土木工程、航空航天和生物医疗等多个领域,在实际服役环境中超弹性镍钛合金元件不可避免地会承受不同应力水平的循环载荷作用,亟待建立描述相变棘轮行为(即峰值应变和谷值应变随着正相变和逆相变循环的进行不断累积)的循环本构模型.为此,基于已有的超弹性镍钛形状记忆合金在不同峰值应力下的单轴相变棘轮行为实验研究结果,在广义黏塑性框架下,对Graesser等提出的通过背应力非线性演化方程反映超弹性镍钛形状记忆合金超弹性行为的一维宏观唯像本构模型进行了拓展,考虑了正相变和逆相变过程中特征变量的差异及其随循环的演化,以非弹性应变的累积量为内变量引入了正相变开始应力、逆相变开始应力、相变应变和残余应变的演化方程,同时通过峰值应力与正相变完成应力的比值来确定演化方程中的相关系数,建立了描述超弹性镍钛合金单轴相变棘轮行为的本构模型.将模拟结果与对应的实验结果进行对比发现,建立的宏观唯像本构模型能够合理地描述超弹性镍钛形状记忆合金的单轴相变棘轮行为及其峰值应力依赖性,模型的预测结果和实验结果吻合得很好.     

考虑微观结构特征长度演化的内变量黏塑性本构模型

在金属晶体材料高应变率大应变变形过程中,存在强烈的位错胞尺寸等微观结构特征长度细化现象,势必对材料加工硬化、宏观塑性流动应力产生重要影响。基于宏观塑性流动应力与位错胞尺寸成反比关系,提出了一种新型的BCJ本构模型。利用位错胞尺寸参数,修正了BCJ模型的流动法则、内变量演化方程,引入了考虑应变率和温度相关性的位错胞尺寸演化方程,建立了综合考虑微观结构特征长度演化、位错累积与湮灭的内变量黏塑性本构模型。应用本文模型,对OFHC铜应变率在10-4~103 s-1、温度在298~542 K、应变在0~1的实验应力-应变数据进行了预测。结果表明:在较宽应变率、温度和应变范围内,本文模型的预测数据与实验吻合很好;与BCJ模型相比,对不同加载条件下实验数据的预测精度均有较大程度的提高,最大平均相对误差从9.939%减小为5.525%。     

TiNi合金的动态伪弹性行为和率相关相变本构模型

采用万能材料试验机和SHPB实验技术对TiNi形状记忆合金在10-3s-1和102s-1应变率下的伪弹性相变行为进行了实验研究。实验数据表明:TiNi合金的相变过程具有应变率效应,其原因主要是相变阻力受应变率影响应变率越大,相变阻力越大。在三线性热弹性相变模型的基础上,考虑了应变率对相变阻力的影响,并给出了相变阻力的具体形式,建立了一个一维率相关相变本构模型。模型对TiNi合金相变行为的模拟与实验数据吻合较好。     

[100]LiF单晶在60 GPa以内冲击加载下的高压屈服强度特性

获取光学窗口自身的高压强度特性是开展材料高压高应变率冲击响应行为精密测量和数据反演的重要基础。利用平板撞击和双屈服面法,通过冲击-卸载、冲击-再加载原位粒子速度剖面精细测量和数据反演,获得了约60 GPa范围内[100]LiF屈服强度特性随冲击压力的变化规律。结果表明:在实验压力范围内,[100]LiF的屈服强度随加载压力的提高而显著提高,压力硬化效应显著;同时,LiF在冲击加载下的屈服强度高于磁驱准等熵加载结果,应变率硬化效应强于热软化效应。采用Huang-Asay模型确定了可描述冲击加载[100]LiF强度特性的本构模型参数,为LiF在强度、相变、层断裂等加窗测量实验中的深入应用和数据准确解读提供了重要支撑。     

JH-2模型及其在Al2O3陶瓷低速撞击数值模拟中的应用

利用现有文献数据以及实验与数值模拟结合的方法得到了Al2O3陶瓷的Johnson-HolmquistⅡ (JH2)本构模型参数,并且基于这种含损伤的动态本构模型,采用LS-DYNA 显式有限元软件对Al2O3陶瓷 在低速撞击下的破碎过程进行了数值模拟,再现了试件的损伤演化与动态破碎过程。结果表明,Al2O3陶瓷 在冲击载荷作用下,主要呈轴向劈裂状破坏;随着输入压缩波加载时间的减小,试件的破碎程度加剧;利用 JH-2模型对Al2O3陶瓷在SHPB实验中的动态损伤演化过程的模拟结果与实验回收试件的破碎模式基本一 致,从而验证了JH-2模型在模拟低速撞击下陶瓷动态破碎过程的有效性和可行性。     

基于唯象相变理论的磁致伸缩材料耦合滞回动力学模拟

本文基于改进的Landau唯象相变理论,构造一个耦合的非线性常微分方程模型来模拟一维磁致伸缩材料的磁滞动态特性。模型的构造通过引入一个非凸的自由能函数来模拟磁致伸缩磁材料中不可逆的磁极化翻转与磁致应变,该自由能函数的每一个局部极小值都对应材料的一个磁化方向。通过热力学平衡条件建立能刻画磁致伸缩效应的非线性本构关系。所构造的模型成功地模拟出了磁场与弹性场之间的磁滞曲线和蝶形曲线,并采用实验结果对模型进行了验证。     

异种不锈钢激光焊缝材料的动态本构关系

利用等应变测试法获取了304及316L激光焊接焊缝材料的准静态应力应变曲线,发现焊缝材料 具有明显的细晶硬脆化趋势。利用SHTB技术对304、316L及焊接构件材料高温动态力学性能进行了研究。 根据动态实验数据对不锈钢304及316L母材应变率及温度相关的Johnson-Cook本构方程参数进行了拟合。 利用LS-DYNA建立了SHTB动态拉伸实验数值模型,发现了在应力波加载初始阶段由于结构效应及材料 阻抗不匹配引起的应力不平衡现象。通过动态实验与数值模拟相结合的方法确定了焊缝材料的应变率相关 本构参数。     

INFLUENCE OF MAGNETIZATION ROTATION ON MARTENSITE REORIENTATION IN MAGNETIC SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY

A large field-induced strain of magnetic shape memory alloy is developed by the martensite variant reorientation. It is widely recognized that the martensite reorientation in a magnetic shape memory alloy （MSMA） can develop if the magnetic field is large enough. However, it has been shown in the literature that the magnetization rotation may block variant reorientation via energy minimization approach. In this paper, based on a micromechanicat model associated with the thermodynamic theory, authors show that there are some limits for the martensite reorientation, which is hindered by the magnetization rotation. Some useful conclusions are obtained.     

微磁检测应力和塑性区的磁弹塑耦合理论

金属磁记忆微磁检测方法, 利用铁磁材料局部磁性状态的变化, 进行应力集中或塑性区域位置及程度的检测与评价. 面向微磁信号的定量理论分析可对其工程领域应用提供重要指导. 本文介绍铁磁材料微弱环境磁场下的磁弹塑性本构进展, 及其在微磁信号分析方面的应用. 力磁本构关系方面, 针对微磁检测弱磁化条件, 基于有效场理论构建了受弹塑性载荷铁磁材料的理想磁化本构的显式解析式, 并结合接近原理分析了恒定外加微弱磁场下应力-应变对材料磁化强度的影响. 检测信号分析方面, 基于弹性力学理论、静磁学理论和新建立的磁弹塑性本构关系, 建立并求解了微弱磁场下铁磁试件中弹性应力或塑性区诱导的表面磁信号的二维分析模型. 结合实验结果证实其在刻画弹塑性因素对微磁信号影响规律方面的能力, 并详细分析了微磁信号的特征量与局部弹性应力或塑性区的尺寸间的相关关系. 相比已有力磁本构关系, 本文建立的显式解析形式的理想磁化更加简洁, 有助于提升对力磁耦合效应的定量化理解和应用.      

On the modeling of equilibrium twin interfaces in a single-crystalline magnetic shape-memory alloy sample—III: Magneto-mechanical behaviors

This is the concluding part III of a series of papers. The aim of the current paper is to simulate and analyze the procedure of variant reorientation in a magnetic shape-memory alloy (MSMA) sample and to predict the response of the sample subject to various loading conditions. The sample to be considered in this paper has a 3D cuboid shape and is subject to typical magneto-mechanical loading conditions. Variant reorientation in the sample is realized through twin interface movements. To investigate the key features of twin interface movements, the properties of configurational forces on the twin interfaces are analyzed. For both the stress-assisted MFIS tests and the field-assisted quasi-elasticity tests, the magneto-mechanical behavior of the MSMA sample during the whole loading procedure is simulated by using the finite element method. The influence of the initial variant distribution in the sample on its global response is discussed. The obtained numerical results are compared with the experimental results. It can be seen that the model predictions can fit the experimental results both at a qualitative as well as at a quantitative level.     

On the modeling of equilibrium twin interfaces in a single-crystalline magnetic shape memory alloy sample. I: theoretical formulation

In this paper, a variational approach is proposed to study the response of a single-crystalline magnetic shape memory alloy (MSMA) sample subject to external forces and magnetic fields. Especially, some criteria are derived to model the (quasi-static) movements of twin interfaces in the sample. By considering the compatibility condition, twin interfaces between two martensite variants are found to be flat planes with given normal vectors. To adopt the variational method, a total energy functional for the whole magneto-mechanical system is proposed. By calculating the variations of the total energy functional with respect to the independent variables, the equilibrium equations and the evolution laws for the internal variables can be derived. By further considering the variation of the total energy functional with respect to the variant distribution, some criteria for twin interface movements can be derived. The governing system of the current model is then formulated by composing the equilibrium equations, the evolution laws for the internal variables and the twin interface movement criteria. To show the validity of the governing system, some analytical results are constructed under certain simplified conditions, which can be used to simulate the magneto-mechanical response of the MSMA sample.     

一个非比例循环粘塑性本构模型

本文提出地一个考虑材料非比例循环附加强效应，非比例循环加载历史产应和应变幅值历史效应的粘塑性体构模型。在该模型中，引入了对加载过程非常弹性应变幅值的记忆变量ｑ；定义了新的非比例度；引入了考虑材料非比例度的循环饱和各向同性变形阻力参量Ｑｓ；对各向同性变开引入了具有先前加载历史记忆的演化方程，将本文模型用于１Ｃｒ１８Ｎｉ９Ｔｉ不锈钢高温循环变形行为描述，其预言结果与实验结果吻合得很好，表明该模型能很好     

A 3D finite strain phenomenological constitutive model for shape memory alloys considering martensite reorientation

Most devices based on shape memory alloys experience both finite deformations and non-proportional loading conditions in engineering applications. This motivates the development of constitutive models considering finite strain as well as martensite variant reorientation. To this end, in the present article, based on the principles of continuum thermodynamics with internal variables, a three-dimensional finite strain phenomenological constitutive model is proposed taking its basis from the recent model in the small strain regime proposed by Panico and Brinson (J Mech Phys Solids 55:2491–2511, 2007). In the finite strain constitutive model derivation, a multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient into elastic and inelastic parts, together with an additive decomposition of the inelastic strain rate tensor into transformation and reorientation parts is adopted. Moreover, it is shown that, when linearized, the proposed model reduces exactly to the original small strain model.     

Multi-dimensional constitutive modeling of SMA during unstable pseudoelastic behavior

A multi-dimensional continuum-level constitutive model of shape memory alloys exhibiting pseudoelastic behavior has been developed in this paper. The current model is an extension of the one-dimensional model previously developed by the authors, which consists of a constitutive relation and a transformation evolution rule (kinetic relation). The constitutive relation is constructed based on the gradient of a transformation potential function (effective stress), and the kinetics of transformation are expressed based on a set of transformation surfaces in stress-temperature space. The constitutive relation allows for the reorientation of the transformation strain tensor according to the current state of stress. The model is used to simulate the localized deformation and transformation front propagation in NiTi strip under quasi-static extension. Special attention has been paid to the multi-axiality of the stress state at the transformation front during the forward and reverse transformations. It is shown that the ability of the model to consider the reorientation of the transformation strain tensor results in full recovery of transformation strain upon unloading, and a uniform distribution of stress in the transformed areas in spite of the localization of transformation. It also produces a stress gradient that dictates the direction of the transformation front propagation during both the forward and reverse transformations.     

Magnetic field-induced martensitic phase transformation in magnetic shape memory alloys: Modeling and experiments

In this work, a continuum based model of the magnetic field induced phase transformation (FIPT) for magnetic shape memory alloys (MSMA) is developed. Hysteretic material behaviors are considered through the introduction of internal state variables. A Gibbs free energy is proposed using group invariant theory and the coupled constitutive equations are derived in a thermodynamically consistent way. An experimental procedure of FIPT in NiMnCoIn MSMA single crystals, which can operate under high blocking stress, is described. The model is then reduced to a 1-D form and the material parameter identification from the experimental results is discussed. Model predictions of magneto-thermo-mechanical loading conditions are presented and compared to experiments.     

A NEW MODEL OF SHAPE MEMORY ALLOYS

A new constitutive model of shape memory alloys ( SMAs) based on Tanaka ' s martensite fraction exponential expression is produced. This new model can present recoverable shape memory strain during different phase transformation, and reflect the action of martensite reorientation . Also it can overcome the defect of Tanaka ' s Model when the SMAs ' microstructure is fully martensite . The model is very simple and suitable for using , and the correct behavior of the model is proved by test.