EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATIONS ON DYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF A MULTILAYER PIEZOELECTRIC STACK ACTUATOR

Multilayer piezoelectric stack actuators are widely used in many industrial applications and the investigation on the dynamic behavior of this element is needed. In this study, two optical interferometric techniques called amplitude-fluctuation electronic speckle pattern interferometry (AF-ESPI) and laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) are used to experimentally investigate the vibration characteristics of a single-layer piezoelectric disc and a multilayer piezoelectric stack actuator. These two techniques are full-field measurement for AF-ESPI and point-wise displacement measurement for LDV. Because the clear fringe patterns obtained by the AF-ESPI method will be shown only at resonant frequencies, both the resonant frequencies and corresponding vibration mode shapes of the piezoelectric disc and the multilayer piezoelectric stack actuator are obtained simultaneously by the AF-ESPI method. Interferometric fringe patterns for both the in-plane and out-of-plane vibration mode shapes are demonstrated. In addition to the proposed two optical techniques, numerical computations based on a commercially available finite element package are presented for comparison with the experimental results. Good agreement between the measured data by experimental methods and the numerical results predicted by FEM is found in resonant frequencies and mode shapes for the single-layer piezoelectric disc. However, some discrepancies are observed for the results obtained by AF-ESPI and impedance analysis for the multilayer piezoelectric stack actuator. A detailed discussion is made to address important issues of this problem.     

旋转运动柔性梁的时滞主动控制实验研究

对旋转运动柔性梁的时滞主动控制进行实验研究,验证时滞反馈控制的有效性. 实验中采用交流伺服电机带动柔性梁旋转运动,柔性梁上粘贴有压电作动器,用于控制梁的弹性振动. 实验研究考虑如下3种情况:(1)仅使用电机扭矩进行控制,电机扭矩存在时滞;(2)使用电机扭矩和压电作动器同时控制,仅压电作动器存在时滞;(3)使用电机扭矩和压电作动器同时控制,电机和压电作动器存在不同的时滞量. 重点通过实验验证时滞反馈控制的可行性和有效性.      

柔性作动器驱动的非线性系统随机振动的最优有界控制

柔性作动器具有低刚度、大变形等特征,这一方面使主结构具备了强的环境适应性,另一方面也使主结构易受外界微扰影响,从而降低其操作精度．本文以介电弹性体作动器驱动的单自由度非线性系统为研究对象,通过即时微调电压,抑制系统在平衡位置附近的随机振动．通过随机平均法降低系统维数,将原系统的控制问题转化为关于慢变过程的控制问题;结合随机动态规划原理及控制约束导出最优有界控制策略．该策略具干摩擦形式,具有能量耗散本质,在抑制系统振动的同时提高了系统的稳定性．数值研究表明：最优有界控制策略具有良好的控制效果、控制效率及较高的鲁棒性．     

STOCHASTIC OPTIMAL VIBRATION CONTROL OF PARTIALLY OBSERVABLE NONLINEAR QUASI HAMILTONIAN SYSTEMS WITH ACTUATOR SATURATION

An optimal vibration control strategy for partially observable nonlinear quasi Hamiltonian systems with actuator saturation is proposed. First,a controlled partially observable non-linear system is converted into a completely observable linear control system of finite dimension based on the theorem due to Charalambous and Elliott. Then the partially averaged It stochastic differential equations and dynamical programming equation associated with the completely observable linear system are derived by using the stochastic averaging method and stochastic dynamical programming principle,respectively. The optimal control law is obtained from solving the final dynamical programming equation. The results show that the proposed control strategy has high control effectiveness and control effciency.     

OPTIMAL DISTRIBUTION OF EIMD FOR IRREGULAR HIGH-RISE BUILDING STRUCTURE VIA GENETIC ALGORITHM 1)

为了解决应用新型电磁惯性质量阻尼器于偏心高层结构控震工程中的优化布置问题,提出一种基于遗传算法的优化配置策略。首先建立地震动作用下新型电磁惯性质量阻尼器(electromagnetic inertial mass dampers,EIMD)偏心高层结构的动力学方程,其次选取合适的适应度函数并基于遗传算法得到EIMD最优配置数量及集成位置信息,最后提出一种可行的半主动控制策略对优化的结构进行控震分析。以一个24层实体不规则高层结构为例,仿真分析结果表明优化配置后的EIMD 对结构的控震效果明显优于随机布置。     

Experimental investigation on using the piezoelectric and electromagnetic vibration absorbers in milling

The paper presents an active control system that counteracts the development of chatter vibration. The vibration amplitude depends on the dynamic properties of the machine tool, cutting tool and work-piece. In the paper we analyze the case when the loss of machining stability is caused by the work-piece. The proposed active control system employs electromagnet or piezoelectric actuator to suppress vibration during milling. The active control introduces damping into the system, thereby raising the critical depth of cut and reducing forced vibration amplitude. It enables stable cutting under a much wider range of cutting parameters that for the uncontrolled system. Cutting tests are performed on JAFO FYN-50 machine with mill DIN 845 B-25 K-N HSS to demonstrate an effectiveness of the proposed systems.     

Optimal bounded control for nonlinear stochastic smart structure systems based on extended Kalman filter

An optimal bounded control strategy for smart structure systems as controlled Hamiltonian systems with random excitations and noised observations is proposed. The basic dynamic equations for a smart structure system with smart sensors and actuators are firstly given. The nonlinear stochastic control system with noised observations is then obtained from the simplified smart structure system, and the system is expressed by generalized Hamiltonian equations with control, random excitation and dissipative forces. The optimal control problem for nonlinear stochastic systems with noised observations includes two parts: optimal state estimation and optimal response control based on estimated states, which are coupled each other. The probability density of optimally estimated systems has generally infinite dimensions based on the separation theorem. The proposed optimal control strategy gives an approximate separate solution. First, the optimally estimated system state is determined by the observations based on the extended Kalman filter, and the estimated nonlinear system with controls and stochastic excitations is obtained which has finite-dimensional probability density. Second, the dynamical programming equation for the estimated system is determined based on the stochastic dynamical programming principle. The control boundedness due to actuator saturation is considered, and the optimal bounded control law is obtained by the programming equation with the bounded control constraint. The optimal control depends on the estimated system state which is determined by noised observations. The proposed optimal bounded control strategy is finally applied to a single-degree-of-freedom nonlinear stochastic system with control and noised observation. The remarkable vibration control effectiveness is illustrated with numerical results. Thus the proposed optimal bounded control strategy is promising for application to nonlinear stochastic smart structure systems with noised observations.     

非线性压电效应下压电弯曲执行器的动力分析

研究压电弯曲执行器在强电场作用下的非线性动力行为．考虑电致伸缩和电致弹性的非线性压电效应,导出了压电悬臂执行器变刚度的弯曲振动控制方程．利用非定常振动的渐近理论,讨论了弯曲压电执行器的动力特征．根据目前的非线性模型可以计算压电悬臂执行器的固有共振频率与电场的变化关系．结果表明压电执行器端头挠度谐振幅度随作用电场振幅的增大而增大,以及力学品质因数随电场振幅的增大而减少,并且与实验结果非常吻合．通过数值比较得到在电场频率随时间变化非常缓慢的情况下非定常振动问题可以近似地用定常振动来处理．     

考虑可控性的压电作动器拓扑优化设计

压电作动器可以把电能转换成机械能,在结构主动振动控制中具有应用背景. 由于压电作动器的布局对振动控制效果影响很大,因此作动器布局优化一直是结构控制研究的关键之一. 为了提高压电结构控制能量的利用效率,本文提出了以提高结构可控性为目标的压电作动器的拓扑优化方法. 基于经典层合板理论对压电结构进行了有限元建模,并采用模态叠加法将动力控制方程映射到模态空间,推导了基于控制矩阵奇异值的可控性指标. 优化模型中,选取可控性指标指数形式为目标函数,将设计变量定义为作动器单元的相对密度,并基于人工密度惩罚模型构造了压电系数惩罚模型,给出了基于控制矩阵奇异值的可控性指标关于设计变量的灵敏度分析方法. 优化问题采用基于梯度的数学规划法求解. 数值算例验证了灵敏度分析方法和优化模型的有效性,并讨论了主要因素对优化结果的影响.      

弹性板振动的多模态主动控制

采用多对压电片对板振动的多阶模态进行主动控制。为了改善结构振动控制的效果，本文对选用结构振动能量和控制信号能量作为控制目标函数的LQR控制算法作了初步研究。首先，按能量准则推导了控制目标函数中权系数矩阵(Q矩阵和R矩阵)的理论计算公式，为权系数矩阵的选取提供了一定的理论依据。然后，运用该算法，在研究了单对压电片进行振动主动控制的基础上．本文深入分析了压电层合板振动的多阶模态控制的问题，用Matlab进行系统仿真，得到了压电层合板受到初始位移激励下板中心点的位移和控制电压大小随时间变化的曲线。数值模拟的结果表明，该方法能达到更有效控制结构振动和减小控制能量消耗的目的．进一步验证了该方法能达到有效控制结构振动和减小控制能量消耗的目的。     

压电智能结构模糊自学习控制(FSLC)

将模糊逻辑与学习控制的基本思想相结合,根据控制系统的动态输出特性,采用模糊控制对学习控制律中的参数进行实时校正,实现系统的动态学习过程,提出了一种适用于压电智能结构振动控制的模糊自学控制方法FSLC（FuzzySelf-LearningContr01）。分别采用三维8节点实体单元（Solid45）和耦合单元模拟主结构和压电致动器／传感器,基于ANSYS参数化语言编写了压电智能结构振动控制分析的有限元程序。通过数值仿真证明了模糊自学习控制方法能有效控制压电结构的振动,并提高了自学习控制的收敛速度和获得了很好的控制效果。     

压电智能梁振动控制的优化设计

本文研究了压电智能梁振动控制中压电传感作动元件的优化设计,并考虑了控制增益和结构阻尼的影响。采用负速度反馈控制策略及等效阻尼比优化准则。对简支梁和悬臂梁采用遍历搜索的方法计算了不同增益和结构阻尼下的优化,结果对进一步研究优化设计和振动控制有一定的参考价值。     

压电结构振动控制及压电片位置优化的遗传算法

采用比例反馈控制,由线弹性压电层合结构有限元动力方程,推导了压电智能结构的振动控制方程.采用三维八节点实体耦合单元(Solid5)模拟压电致动器/感应器,三维实体单元(Solid45)模拟主结构,利用ANSYS中参数化语言(APDL)编写了压电层合智能结构的有限元程序.以零一最优问题来描述致动器/感应器的位置优化问题,...     

Time-delayed stochastic optimal control of strongly non-linear systems with actuator saturation by using stochastic maximum principle

A time-delayed stochastic optimal bounded control strategy for strongly non-linear systems under wide-band random excitations with actuator saturation is proposed based on the stochastic averaging method and the stochastic maximum principle. First, the partially averaged Itô equation for the system amplitude is derived by using the stochastic averaging method for strongly non-linear systems. The time-delayed feedback control force is approximated by a control force without time delay based on the periodically random behavior of the displacement and velocity of the system. The partially averaged Itô equation for the system energy is derived from that for the system amplitude by using Itô formula and the relation between system amplitude and system energy. Then, the adjoint equation and maximum condition of the partially averaged control problem are derived based on the stochastic maximum principle. The saturated optimal control force is determined from maximum condition and solving the forward–backward stochastic differential equations (FBSDEs). For infinite time-interval ergodic control, the adjoint variable is stationary process and the FBSDE is reduced to a ordinary differential equation. Finally, the stationary probability density of the Hamiltonian and other response statistics of optimally controlled system are obtained from solving the Fokker–Plank–Kolmogorov (FPK) equation associated with the fully averaged Itô equation of the controlled system. For comparison, the optimal control forces obtained from the time-delayed bang–bang control and the control without considering time delay are also presented. An example is worked out to illustrate the proposed procedure and its advantages.     

Optimal placement of piezoelectric active bars in vibration control by topological optimization

A continuous variable optimization method and a topological optimization method are proposed for the vibration control of piezoelectric truss structures by means of the optimal placements of active bars. In this optimization model, a zero-one discrete variable is defined in order to solve the optimal placement of piezoelectric active bars. At the same time, the feedback gains are also optimized as continuous design variables. A two-phase procedure is proposed to solve the optimization problem. The sequential linear programming algorithm is used to solve optimization problem and the sensitivity analysis is carried out for objective and constraint functions to make linear approximations. On the basis of the Newmark time integration of structural transient dynamic responses, a new sensitivity analysis method is developed in this paper for the vibration control problem of piezoelectric truss structures with respect to various kinds of design variables. Numerical examples are given in the paper to demonstrate the effectiveness of the methods.     

Nonlinear vibration analysis of piezoelectric bending actuators: Theoretical and experimental studies

Piezoelectric bimorph actuators are used in a variety of applications, including micro positioning, vibration control, and micro robotics. The nature of the aforementioned applications calls for the dynamic characteristics identification of actuator at the embodiment design stage. For decades, many linear models have been presented to describe the dynamic behavior of this type of actuators; however, in many situations, such as resonant actuation, the piezoelectric actuators exhibit a softening nonlinear behavior; hence, an accurate dynamic model is demanded to properly predict the nonlinearity. In this study, first, the nonlinear stress–strain relationship of a piezoelectric material at high frequencies is modified. Then, based on the obtained constitutive equations and Euler–Bernoulli beam theory, a continuous nonlinear dynamic model for a piezoelectric bending actuator is presented. Next, the method of multiple scales is used to solve the discretized nonlinear differential equations. Finally, the results are compared with the ones obtained experimentally and nonlinear parameters are identified considering frequency response and phase response simultaneously. Also, in order to evaluate the accuracy of the proposed model, it is tested out of the identification range as well.     

时变参数时滞减振控制研究

时滞动力吸振器对谐波激励有着良好的减振控制效果,但对随机激励的减振控制效果却并不明显,具体表现为时滞动力吸振器对随机激励的减振控制效果与被动吸振器几乎相同。针对上述问题,本文提出了一种新的时变参数时滞减振控制方法。在原有时滞减振控制方法的基础上,首先将时滞增益系数由定值形式变为时间函数形式,然后通过时变优化得到多组时滞控制参数并使其以一定时间周期循环作用于减振控制过程,通过这种方法进一步改善了时滞动力吸振器减振性能。本文最后以二自由度时滞动力吸振器减振模型为例,以主系统的振动响应为仿真对象,运用精细积分法求解了具有时变时滞参数的时滞动力学方程,以此得到了在谐波激励和随机激励作用下主系统振动的时域仿真结果。研究结果表明,在时变参数时滞动力吸振器的控制下,主系统无论是受谐波激励作用还是受随机激励作用,其振动位移、振动速度和振动加速度均比在定值参数时滞动力吸振器控制下时有大幅的减少,时滞动力吸振器的减振性能有了明显的改善。      

压电堆在结构振动隔离中的应用

利用压电材料的逆压电效应,压电堆可用于振动激励,也可用于振动隔离。本文推导了了压电堆的有限元控制方程,采用数值方法研究了压电堆的隔振作用。作为算例,分析了支架采用压电堆振后的振动特性,为改善支架的动态特性提供了理论指导。     

Stochastic optimal bounded control of MDOF quasi nonintegrable-Hamiltonian systems with actuator saturation

A new bounded optimal control strategy for multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) quasi nonintegrable-Hamiltonian systems with actuator saturation is proposed. First, an n-degree-of-freedom (n-DOF) controlled quasi nonintegrable-Hamiltonian system is reduced to a partially averaged Itô stochastic differential equation by using the stochastic averaging method for quasi nonintegrable-Hamiltonian systems. Then, a dynamical programming equation is established by using the stochastic dynamical programming principle, from which the optimal control law consisting of optimal unbounded control and bang–bang control is derived. Finally, the response of the optimally controlled system is predicted by solving the Fokker–Planck–Kolmogorov (FPK) equation associated with the fully averaged Itô equation. An example of two controlled nonlinearly coupled Duffing oscillators is worked out in detail. Numerical results show that the proposed control strategy has high control effectiveness and efficiency and that chattering is reduced significantly compared with the bang–bang control strategy.     

时滞对结构振动半主动控制效果的影响

应用磁流变阻尼器对结构振动进行控制，采用最优控制原理设计了控制器，给出在地震激励下结构半主动控制的仿真计算。研究了时滞对结构振动半主动控制效果的影响。数值结果表明：本文设计的半主动控制策略可有效地减小结构的振动响应，时滞对磁流变半主动控制效果随着时滞的增大而变差，但时滞不会导致该反馈控制系统的失稳。