北京同步辐射3B3中能束线X射线探测系统性能研究

北京同步辐射装置(BSRF)的3B3中能束线的应用，在国内首次提供了一台能区在2—6keV范围、性能优良的单色X射线光源. 对光源的性能进行了研究，并完成了X射线探测器(XRD)灵敏度、滤片厚度、多种晶体衍射效率以及成像板能量响应等指标的标定.XRD标定的相对不确定度好于7%，滤片厚度的不确定度小于3.6%. 关键词： 中能X射线 同步辐射 标定     

合肥光源的衍射光栅制备技术

正衍射光栅是合肥光源光束线中重要的分光元件。本文介绍伴随合肥光源而发展起来的衍射光学元件精密加工实验室衍射光栅制备技术及相关工作进展。一、引言合肥同步辐射装置是工作在真空紫外-软X射线波段的连续光源。在真空紫外-软X射线波段通常使用光栅单色器分光,将所需的单色光从同步辐射光源中分离出来。衍射光栅是合肥光源重要的色散元件。国家同步辐射实验室成立了光学组,并逐步发展成现在的衍射光学元件精密加工实验室,     

同步辐射X射线光源在高压科学研究中的应用

同步辐射X射线光源已经成功地应用到高压科学研究的诸多领域.文章简要回顾了同步辐射高压技术的发展历史,简要介绍了同步辐射X射线衍射技术在高压状态方程、强关联体系、地球内部物质以及早期生命起源等研究中的应用.介绍了同步辐射X射线光谱技术(包括晶格振动声子谱的测量)在高压研究中的应用,此外,还介绍了时间分辨的同步辐射技术在冲击压缩研究中的应用,最后展望了未来先进光源应用于高压科学研究的前景.     

基于X射线衍射仪的X光晶体本征参量的标定

X光晶体本征参量的实验标定是准确鉴定X光晶体种类和品质,研制各种类型晶体谱仪,X光线谱定量测量和高分辨X光单能成像的基础.基于X射线衍射仪,通过制作平面晶体样品架,采取控制X射线管电源、滤波片选取和厚度控制等措施,极大地抑制了Cu-KJ3及韧致辐射,使X射线管光源Cu-Kα单能化,提出了用滤片作为光源单能化的判据.对X光线谱测量中常用的X光分光晶体季戊四醇[PET(002)]的晶格常量2d和Cu-Ka能点的积分衍射效率R.进行了标定方法研究,其标定值分别为(0.87425±0.00042)nm和(1.759±0.024)×10-4 Rad.基于X射线衍射仪的X光晶体本征参量的精密实验标定方法既快速高效,且十分方便和灵活.通过更换衍射仪的X射线管靶材,采取类似方法,可以标定其它能点的晶体积分衍射效率,可为X光晶体的本征参量库提供更多的标定数据.     

准单色近平行光束的X射线源

针对准单色近平行光束X射线背光成像诊断需求,提出了一种用球面弯晶进行X射线衍射选单从而获取准直光束的新方案.在神光Ⅱ装置上,设计了基于球面弯晶X射线衍射选单准直光束系统,完成了该系统的安装、调试和实验应用,获得了准单色(10~(-3)△λ/λ10~(-2))、小发散角(2 mrad)和大辐照匀斑(直径φ500 m)的X射线光源.同时基于衍射光学和球面镜成像理论,研究了不同布拉格角对球面弯晶X射线衍射光束发散角及其像散差的影响.结果表明,布拉格角会影响球面弯晶X射线衍射光束的发散角.用控制布拉格角范围的方法有望获得发散角优于1 mrad的近平行光束X射线光源.这种准单色、极小发散度和均匀角分布的X射线光源可应用于高分辨X射线成像诊断.     

大面积10000线/毫米软X射线金属型透射光栅的设计、制作与检测

基于严格的矢量耦合波理论,优化设计了用于13.4nm软X射线干涉光刻的透射型双光栅掩模版. 采用电子束光刻技术,在国内首次成功制作了周期为100nm的大面积金属型透射光栅.光栅面积为1.5mm ×1.5mm,Cr浮雕厚度为50nm,Gap/period为0.6,衬底Si₃N₄厚度为100nm. 此光栅将用于上海光源软X射线干涉光刻实验站.利用其1级衍射光和2级衍射光将可以经济高效地制作周期为50和25nm的大面积周期结构.最后,测量了该光栅对波长为13.4nm 同步辐射光的衍射光强度,并且推算得出该光栅的1级和2级衍射效率分别为4.41%和0.49%,与理论设计值比较符合.实验结果与理论模拟结果的对比表明该光栅侧壁陡直,Gap/period的控制也与设计值符合. 关键词： 软X射线金属型透射光栅 严格耦合波方法 衍射效率 软X射线干涉光刻     

基于X射线衍射仪的X光晶体本征参量的标定

X光晶体本征参量的实验标定是准确鉴定X光晶体种类和品质,研制各种类型晶体谱仪,X光线谱定量测量和高分辨X光单能成像的基础.基于X射线衍射仪,通过制作平面晶体样品架,采取控制X射线管电源、滤波片选取和厚度控制等措施,极大地抑制了Cu-Kβ及韧致辐射,使X射线管光源Cu-Kα单能化,提出了用滤片作为光源单能化的判据.对X光线谱测量中常用的X光分光晶体季戊四醇的晶格常量2d和Cu-Kα能点的积分衍射效率R_c进行了标定方法研究,其标定值分别为(0.874 25±0.000 42)nm和(1.759±0.024)×10^-4 Rad.基于X射线衍射仪的X光晶体本征参量的精密实验标定方法既快速高效,且十分方便和灵活.通过更换衍射仪的X射线管靶材,采取类似方法,可以标定其它能点的晶体积分衍射效率,可为X光晶体的本征参量库提供更多的标定数据.     

衍射增强成像原理

研究了衍射增强成像过程中X射线与样品和晶体的相互作用,重点分析了小角散射对衍射增强成像的影响,为衍射增强成像方程补充了小角散射噪声项,建立了更普遍的衍射增强成像方程.根据新的衍射增强成像方程,推导出峰位像和腰位像的吸收衬度,消光衬度和折射衬度的数学表达,并讨论了两种合成像(表观吸收像和折射像)的衬度问题. 关键词： 相位衬度成像 同步辐射 晶体衍射 X射线照相术     

KTP晶体中一种特殊缺陷的研究

研究发现,在KTP晶体中有一特殊的区域,在这一区域内,KTP晶体的倍频效率明显增加,本文借助于透射同步辐射(SR)白光形貌方法,对这一区域进行了研究,发现在这区域内有一面缺陷,在这面缺陷处由于杂质的积累,使晶格发生了微小畸变,从而使KTP晶体的倍频效率增加,并根据消光规律确定了该缺陷的最大应变方向R=<010>。 关键词：     

北京同步辐射装置X射线衍射实验站在材料科学研究中的应用

简述了北京同步辐射装置X射线衍射实验站的实验装置,工作性能.利用X射线衍射仪开展了非晶周期多层膜、半导体超晶格结构研究,测量了Si₃N₄材料残存应力微区分布.     

邻苯二甲酸氢钾(KAP)的同步辐射截面形貌术

本文叙述邻苯二甲酸氢钾(KAP)晶体内部不完整性(滑移位错等)的同步辐射截面形貌图的衬度研究工作。有关缺陷象衬度随波长增加而提高的实验事实同引用均匀畸变动力学的理论所引入的平均应变梯度参数β和βt_eff的理论计算结果,相当符合,它为应用同步辐射源来清晰显示单晶中有关缺陷,提供一个波长选择的依据。 关键词：     

New approaches for the fabrication of photonic structures of nonlinear optical materials

We revisited two different strategies to fabricate 1D photonic crystals of nonlinear optical dielectric materials based on ultrafast laser ablation of the surface of an RbTiOPO₄ crystal, and selective etching of ferroelectric domains of the surface of a periodically poled LiNbO₄ crystal. We evaluated their behaviour as Bragg diffraction gratings. We also presented the recent advances we developed in a new procedure of fabrication of 2D and 3D photonic crystals of KTiOPO₄ (KTP) grown on the surface of a KTP substrate by liquid phase epitaxial means within the pores of a silicon macroporous template. Optical, structural, morphological, and compositional characterization for the photonic crystals produced through this technique are presented.     

透射光栅对软X射线衍射效率的研究

在北京同步辐射源上，对无底衬透射光栅在844eV X射线能量点的绝对衍射效率进行了实验标定，利用光栅模型，得到了光栅所有结构参数，并由此得到了透射光栅对100—2000eV能区软X射线的各级绝对衍射效率理论计算曲线. 关键词：     

Efficiency calibrations of cylindrically bent transmission crystals in the 20 to 80 keV x-ray energy range

Two quartz (10-11) crystals were cylindrically bent to a 25.4 cm radius of curvature and were mounted in identical Cauchois-type transmission spectrometers, and the crystal diffraction efficiencies were measured to 5% absolute accuracy using narrow bandwidth x-ray source fluences in the 20 to 80 keV energy range. The measured integrated reflectivity values were compared to calculations performed using a computational model that accounts for the diffraction geometry of the bent transmission crystal. These crystal calibrations enable the accurate measurement of absolute hard x-ray emission levels from laser-produced plasmas and other laboratory sources.     

Deviatoric stress: a nuisance or a gold mine?

Both synchrotron radiation and deviatoric stress were once considered to be nuisances. Now synchrotron radiation is one of the most important tools available to scientists of all disciplines and deviatoric stress is one of the most useful aspects of x-ray diffraction at extreme conditions. Samples in high-pressure devices are under true hydrostatic pressure only when surrounded by a fluid, thus limiting true hydrostatic pressure studies at ambient temperatures to pressures below about 11?GPa. Elevated temperature is able to extend this limit but has rarely been used for this purpose. Instead, noble gases have been used as pressure media as their solids are especially soft. Deviatoric stress and resultant anisotropic elastic strain in solid samples and solid media have led to many subtle errors in determinations of elastic properties and crystal structures, especially in the days before it was realized that they could be measured and were potentially a valuable source of information. In recent years, measuring anisotropic elastic strain by x-ray diffraction has provided new insights into materials strength, elastic properties, crystal structures, mechanisms of phase transitions, slip systems, lattice preferred orientation, and, of course, ways to make corrections when deviatoric stress is indeed a nuisance.     

X-ray studies of Si<Subscript>1−<Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>Ge<Subscript>x</Subscript> single crystals

Structural imperfections were studied in Si_1?xGe_x (1–9 at. % Ge) solid-solution single crystals grown using the Czochralski method. The studies were performed using x-ray diffraction topography with laboratory and synchrotron radiation sources, x-ray diffractometry, and synchrotron radiation phase radiography. In all crystals studied, irrespective of the Ge concentration, impurity bands (growth bands) were observed. An increase in the Ge concentration in the range 7–9 at. % was shown to bring about the nucleation and motion of dislocations on a few slip systems and the formation of slip bands. Local block structures were observed in the places where slip bands intersected. The most likely reason for the formation of slip bands is the inhomogeneous distribution of Ge atoms over the ingot diameter and along the growth axis. Therefore, the structure of Si_1?xGe_x solid-solution single crystals can be improved by making them more uniform in composition.     

Studying acoustic-wave fields in langasite-family crystals using the BESSY II synchrotron radiation source

The process of the excitation and propagation of pseudosurface acoustic waves in crystals of the langasite family is studied via X-ray diffractometry for the first time. The investigations are carried out using the BESSY II synchrotron radiation source in the double-crystal X-ray diffractometer scheme. The process of pseudosurface acoustic wave propagation is studied based on an analysis of the diffraction spectra of acoustically modulated crystals. Both the velocities of the pseudosurface acoustic waves and the power flow angles of the acoustic energy are measured for the first time. The pseudosurface acoustic wave is shown to be flowing. Surface and pseudosurface acoustic waves generated by an interdigital transducer in the Z cut of a La₃Ga_5.5Ta_0.5O₁₄ crystal are compared.     

水热法合成KTP晶体的红外光谱研究

采用Nicolet 550型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪,对不同世代水热法合成KTP晶体的不同晶面进行了镜反射法红外光谱测试,与助熔剂法合成KTP晶体的红外光谱测试结果进行了比较,并估算了不同世代样品中羟基的浓度。测试主要针对水热法合成KTP晶体比较发育的(100)、(011)和(201)晶面,分基频区和指纹区两个区段进行。研究结果表明,水热法合成KTP晶体中OH-的伸缩振动存在明显的方向性特征,其中[100]方向吸收明显,并且其频率比助熔剂法合成KTP提高约30 cm-1。样品中的羟基浓度依世代逐代下降,羟基的存在抑制了KTP晶体的生长,提高原料纯度对于提高晶体质量有重要意义。     

The influence of defects in the crystal structure on helium diffusion in quartz

The solubility and diffusion of helium in quartz crystals are investigated as functions of the distribution and density of structural defects. The types of defects in the crystals are identified and their distribution over growth sectors is determined by x-ray diffraction topography and phase radiography with a synchrotron radiation source. The effective solubility and effective diffusion coefficients for helium in quartz are estimated from the experimental data on the amount of helium extracted from samples with different contents of defects. It is revealed that the effective diffusion coefficient of helium depends on the number of dislocations.     

Electrical and nonlinear optical studies of flux grown Mo and Fe doped KTP crystals

The molybdenum (Mo) and ferric (Fe) doped potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) crystals were grown by high temperature solution growth (HTSG) technique. The concentration of Mo and Fe in grown crystals was measured by EDX analysis. The SHG efficiencies of the Mo and Fe doped KTP crystals were measured and it was found to be 1.77 and 1.38 times respectively higher than that of pure KTP crystal. The frequency dependence of dielectric constant, loss and ac conductivity was studied at room temperature. The phase matching measurements were made using a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser operating at 1064 nm and the measured phase matching angles are 44.2° and 87.88° for Mo and Fe doped KTP crystals respectively.