肝素非还原端饱和结构的紫外吸收研究及在肝素寡糖测序中的应用

为了进一步探讨非还原端饱和结构的肝素寡糖在UV 232 nm的吸收情况, 制备了4种饱和结构的肝素二糖, 并用离子对反相液相色谱/离子阱飞行时间质谱(RPIP-LC/MS-IT-TOF)光电二极管阵列检测器分析了它们在UV 232 nm的吸收情况. 分析结果表明, 饱和结构的肝素二糖在UV 232 nm的检出限为9 μg(S/N=10), UV 232 nm/UV 206 nm约为不饱和结构肝素二糖UV 232 nm的7%~40%. 结果还表明, 肝素二糖UV 232 nm的吸收强度受亚硫酸基团(SO₃^2?)影响较大. 另外, 通过比较不饱和结构的肝素/硫酸类肝素(Hep/HS)标样二糖发现, 含N-未取代葡萄糖胺(GlcNH₃⁺)基团的二糖在UV 232 nm的吸收值较低. 最后, 通过简单的UV检测方法, 结合 HNO₂(pH=4.0)裂解法和RPIP-LC/MS-IT-TOF分析, 简化了含GlcNH₃⁺肝素六糖的测序方法. 本研究为以后用 HNO₂(pH=1.5)裂解法对混合组分N-硫酸化的肝素寡糖结构序列分析提供了可能.     

含N-乙酰化肝素寡糖的制备及序列分析

建立了含N-乙酰化肝素寡糖的分离提纯及其序列结构分析方法.首先应用肝素酶Ⅰ深度酶解低分子量肝素来富集含N-乙酰化结构寡糖,通过Bio-Gel P10凝胶色谱法分离制备了包括二糖至十四糖的系列肝素寡糖粗样品,ProPac PA-1强阴离子高效液相色谱(SAX-HPLC)等方法对粗样品进一步分离,提纯得到4种六糖和3种八糖片段.其次应用肝素酶Ⅰ,Ⅱ和Ⅲ复合酶解与HPLC法分析各纯化寡糖的二糖组分,并结合肝素酶Ⅰ底物特异性,初步推断4种六糖和3种八糖的序列结构.在寡糖的糖链两端均含有N-硫酸化二糖,而N-乙酰化二糖分布在糖链当中.应用电喷雾离子阱-飞行时间质谱(ESI-IT-TOF-MS)在负离子模式下进一步表征寡糖并分析其裂解规律.结果表明,各寡糖中均出现大量因SO32-丢失形成的碎片离子峰,六糖中主要有双电荷和三电荷碎片离子峰;在八糖中出现了一系列从双电荷至五电荷的离子峰.各寡糖的双电荷离子峰质荷比进一步确定了上述寡糖的序列结构.六糖的裂解规律表明,裂解主要存在于糖苷键,N-乙酰葡糖胺和糖醛酸上的裂解方式分别为0,2X和0,2Z.本研究提供了切实有效的分离、分析未知结构肝素寡糖序列的新方法.     

毛细管电泳法测定肝素和低分子量肝素平均硫酸化程度

肝素和低分子量肝素（LMWHs）作为临床上常用的抗凝血药物,其抗凝血活性与硫酸化程度（SD）密切相关。然而,肝素类药物的生产需经历一系列复杂的工艺过程,在制备和储存过程中,肝素的硫酸基团容易水解丢失,影响抗凝血活性,这将直接影响肝素药物的使用安全性。为保证产品质量,需要发展一种快速检测肝素硫酸化程度的技术,以监测原料质量和工艺条件的稳定性。虽然已有一些测定肝素硫酸化程度的报道,但这些方法均有局限性,不适用于肝素生产的质量控制。为此,开发了一种基于毛细管电泳技术（CE）检测肝素和低分子量肝素的平均硫酸化程度的方法。首先,用肝素酶混合液彻底消化未分级肝素（UHF）和低分子量肝素,然后用毛细管电泳分离酶解得到的所有寡糖和二糖构建模块,并对它们进行定性和定量分析。随后,根据每种寡糖和二糖的峰面积及其硫酸酯基团的数量,便可计算出每个构成肝素二糖单元硫酸化程度的平均值。使用该方法对来自两个生产商各4个批次依诺肝素（低分子量肝素）和5个批次肝素原料进行检测,并计算了各批次样品的相对标准偏差（RSD）,对不同厂家生产的依诺肝素平均硫酸化程度进行了比较,验证了该方法的实用性。该方法灵敏度高,准确可靠,分析速度快,在肝素类药物生产过程的质量控制中具有良好的应用潜力。     

色谱技术在肝素结构分析中的研究进展

肝素（heparin, Hp）是目前临床应用最为广泛的抗凝剂,是由重复二糖单元组成的多硫酸化酸性直链多糖。低分子量肝素（LMWHs）是以肝素为原料,经过化学或酶降解获得的相对分子质量相对较小的肝素衍生物,相对肝素,它们的出血副作用和免疫原性更小,皮下注射时生物利用度更高。肝素及低分子量肝素具有一系列结构特点,如相对分子质量偏大且有一定分布,多种糖残基同时存在,硫酸酯位置和数量呈现多样化,以及不同工艺产生的特殊残基的种类和含量不一等。该类药物结构的复杂性对分析方法提出了巨大的挑战,也限制了其质量控制提升、工艺优化、临床用药安全和新适应证拓展等。该文以色谱分析方法为中心,从结构分析的不同角度,包括单糖、二糖、寡糖、多糖的识别、组成分析和不同层次,系统地梳理和阐述近年来肝素类药物在色谱分析方法上的进展,并对这些方法的应用范畴、创新性、局限性等进行总结。该文将为肝素类药物的结构分析、质量控制提供较系统的方法学参考,为更多新方法开发提供思路,为更深入地研究肝素类药物结构、拓展其应用提供有力支撑。     

脱水糖苷化方法合成肝素酶底物寡糖

乙酰肝素酶（Heparanase,Hpa）是哺乳动物体内的内切葡萄糖醛酸苷水解酶,通过水解葡萄糖醛酸（GlcA）与己胺糖（GlcN）之间的β-糖苷键,选择性地降解肝素和硫酸肝素糖胺聚糖,从而释放多功能的肝素寡糖.本文报道一条高效的肝素酶底物寡糖的合成路线：采用苯甲酰基保护待硫酸化的羟基,苄基保护羧基和裸露的羟基,叠氮基保护氨基,应用脱水糖苷化方法高效地构建关键的a-GlcN-（1→4）-GlcA糖苷键.然后通过标准化的保护基脱除和硫酸化操作,获得肝素酶底物三糖和四糖1-4.最后五步反应的总收率超过52%.肝素酶底物寡糖的合成为研究肝素酶的底物选择性和活性检测打下了基础.     

肝素类寡糖合成研究进展

肝素(heparin,HP)和硫酸乙酰肝素(heparan sulfate,HS)是糖胺聚糖(glycosaminoglycans,GAGs)家族中的一类线性硫酸化多糖,其结构复杂、牛物活性多样.为了深入研究其结构序列与小同生物活性之间的关系,近年来针对肝素类寡糖的合成与功能研究成为糖化学和糖牛物学研究的一个热点领域,涌现出一些新的合成方法与合成策略.选取了2001年以来国际上一些在肝素类寡糖的化学合成和酶法合成方面的代表性工作予以综述.     

邻苯二甲酸为背景吸收电解质的毛细管电泳法测定低分子量肝素中的阴离子

在生产和贮存低分子量肝素的过程中,糖链上的硫酸酯基团会被水解而损失活性,因此肝素样品中常可以检测到游离的硫酸根离子,此外在生产过程中还会引入其他阴离子。为了检测低分子量肝素的质量稳定性,常用离子色谱检测低分子量肝素中游离的阴离子。但是相对分子质量较大的低分子量肝素会污染离子色谱柱和抑制器。为此发展了一种灵敏的毛细管电泳方法用于测定低分子量肝素中游离的SO~(2-)_4、Cl~-、F~-、PO~(3-)_4和OAc~-。不同于常用的背景吸收离子铬酸根,采用邻苯二甲酸根作为背景吸收电解质。与铬酸根相比,邻苯二甲酸根与所有待测阴离子电泳淌度匹配得更好,因此可以获得较窄的峰形。而且邻苯二甲酸根在230 nm检测波长下的摩尔吸光系数(4 754 L/(mol·cm))比铬酸根(254 nm,2 400 L/(mol·cm))高。因此,可以将毛细管电泳检测阴离子的灵敏度提高到与离子色谱法相当的水平。通过验证,该方法在0.002~1 mmol/L的浓度范围内具有较好的线性关系,日内(n=6)和日间(n=3)迁移时间和峰面积的相对标准偏差均小于3%。所测阴离子的检出限(S/N=3)和定量限(S/N=10)分别为0.4~0.8μmol/L和2~4μmol/L。该方法可用于监测低分子量肝素的稳定性。     

肝素与HIV-1膜表面蛋白gp120相互作用的预测和模拟

用分子模拟软件研究肝素与HIV-1膜表面蛋白gp120的相互作用.将肝素中的单糖、二糖和三糖片段作为探针对gp120蛋白进行搜索,统计分析确定肝素结合区域.用肝素六糖片段和结合区域进行反应分子对接,获得两种结合模式.最终建立的模型能够很好地解释肝素体外抑制HIV-1的现象,同时对其机理进行了推测.     

共价键合多层肝素薄膜修饰涂有硅橡胶的人工血管

报道一种采用医用硅橡胶涂层作软支撑共价键合多层肝素薄膜修饰人工血管等生物医学装置使其表面具有抗凝血性能的方法. 该项技术首先在人工血管的表面上涂上医用硅橡胶作为软支撑, 再在硅橡胶涂层的表面上涂上全氟磺酸(Nafion), 为接下来的层层静电组装提供活性基团. 然后将带正电荷的二苯胺重氮树脂(PA)和带负电荷的肝素分子(Hep)通过静电吸引作用交替沉积到全氟磺酸涂层的表面上. 紫外可见吸收光谱和傅立叶红外光谱数据表明, 在紫外光照射下, 重氮树脂的重氮基团与肝素的硫酸基团之间发生光化学反应, 生成硫酸酯, 使膜内层间离子键转变成共价键, 从而使肝素多层膜的稳定性大大提高. 研究表明经层层自组装和光化学反应后肝素分子呈现良好的抗凝血性能. 人工血管肝素化表面中的肝素分子以壁面结合的方式存在, 在人工血管表面固化肝素和抗凝血酶-III (AT-III)形成的络合物显示出较好的抗凝血性. 硅橡胶涂层使肝素分子与人工血管表面有一定距离, 有利于提高抗凝血性能. 在四个双层之内, 肝素对凝血酶失活的影响随着PA/Hep双层数目增加而增加, 说明了只有最外层的肝素才对凝血酶失活有直接影响. 该方法操作工艺简单, 重复性好, 可较广泛地适用于在多种生物医用装置和多孔组织工程支架材料的表面制备稳定的抗凝血涂层, 具有良好的应用前景.     

κ-卡拉胶寡糖脂的合成及其结构鉴定

以κ-卡拉胶为原料, 通过稀酸降解并结合柱层析分离得到5个寡糖单体, 经还原胺化法将其与二棕榈酸酯磷脂酰乙醇胺(DPPE)偶联首次获得了5个拟糖脂. 应用高灵敏电喷雾离子化碰撞诱导解离串联质谱(ESI-CID-MS/MS)技术确定了其序列, 证明其分别为κ-卡拉胶三糖脂、五糖脂、七糖脂、九糖脂和十一糖脂. 该研究结果为硫酸寡糖脂的合成提供了参考方法, 尤其为寡糖生物芯片的制备以及深入开展寡糖与蛋白相互作用研究提供了基础.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.     

Highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of 2,4-dichloropyridine enabling a novel approach to 2,4-bisanilinopyridine (BAPyd) libraries

The highly regioselective Buchwald–Hartwig amination at C-2 of the cheap and readily accessible reagent, 2,4-dichloropyridine with a range of anilines and heterocyclic amines is described. This new methodology is robust and provides a facile access to 4-chloro-N-phenylpyridin-2-amines on 0.25 mol scale. These intermediates undergo a further Buchwald–Hartwig amination at higher temperature to enable rapid exploration of the chemical space at C-4 and to provide a library of 2,4-bisaminopyridines.