超强激光与Ar团簇相互作用中X射线的研究

本文主要研究了超强超短激光与Ar团簇相互作用过程中X射线能谱、K壳层光子产额、能量转换效率以及激光对比度对X射线光子产额的影响.实验中得到K壳层的光子产额约为1× 10¹¹/发,能量转换效率约为2.8× 10^-5．同时观测到较强预脉冲离化团簇会导致预电离,产生膨胀等离子体,然而主脉冲与膨胀的等离子体相互作用的强度较未膨胀时降低了,从而导致K壳层光子产额降低,而使用高对比度的激光能增加X射线光子产额.     

L壳层Al激光等离子体X射线光谱的实验测量和理论计算

 在星光Ⅱ激光装置上开展了三倍频激光与铝平面靶相互作用实验,采用平场光栅谱仪获得了铝等离子3～6 nm范围的X射线发射谱。基于准相对多组态理论,考虑组态相互作用和Breit修正,采用Cowan程序计算了铝的L壳层跃迁波长和跃迁几率,辨识了实验测量得到的铝类Li到类B的22条跃迁谱线。研究表明：识别的谱线都是L壳层的2s,2p电子跃迁到了3p,3d等, 甚至更高的壳层,其测量得到跃迁的波长与理论值最大偏差只有0.06 nm。计算得到的振子强度与其它理论结果吻合很好。     

利用皮秒激光驱动瞬态X射线激光实验

由于独特的优点和广泛的应用前景，X射线激光的研究受到了很大的重视。从一开始，这类研究就是以大型激光器作为驱动源进行的，尽管取得了很大的进展，但是由于对驱动源的要求很高，使得X射线激光自身的发展和应用受到了一定的限制。在这个背景下，如何利用尺寸更小、成本更低、更容易获得的方式来驱动X射线激光成为一个重要的研究目标。迄今为止，已经发展出了毛细管放电、高次谐波、超短超强激光驱动X射线激光等多种方式。特别的，随着近些年来皮秒乃至飞秒超短超强激光技术的发展，使得利用超短超强激光驱动瞬态X射线激光成为X射线激光小型化的一个重要发展方向。     

碳、氮原子内壳层光电离X射线激光的理论探讨

提出了分析碳、氮原子内壳层光电离X射线激光的解析模型,对C原子K壳层光电离X射线激光的增益进行了理论计算。采用随时间线性增加的X射线抽运速率推导出了激光增益系数随抽运速率的上升速率、原子浓度以衣时间变化的解析表达式,给出了峰值时间和峰值增益。在理论上定量地分析了产生X射线激光所需的激光条件和最佳参数的选取,数值模拟与理论计算的结果是一致的。另外,对N原子K壳层光电离X射线激光作了类似的分析。     

类锂钙和钾离子X射线激光的实验研究

探索进入“水窗”波段以寻求X射线激光在近期的科学技术应用,是当前实验室X射光线激研究的一个重要目标.采用复合泵浦方案,我们曾用较低的驱动激光功率首次实现了类锂硅离子5f—3d(8.884nm),5d—3p(8.728nm)跃迁软X射线激光,并第一次发现了类锂硅离子的6f—3d(7.583nm)和6d—3p(7.464nm)新的X射线激光跃迁.最近,我们进一步完成了线聚焦激光辐照CaF_2和KCl平板靶的实验,探索了沿类锂离子等电子数序,将软X射线激光推进至更短波长的现实可能性,实现了类锂钙和类锂钾4f—3d跃迁的软X射线激光,波长分别为5.77nm和6.47nm,增益系数分别达到4.3cm~(-1)和1.6cm~(-1).同时也观察到了类氢氟Hα(8.09 nm)的增益,增益系数为1.4cm~(-1).实验结果进一步显示了复合泵浦类锂离子方案在实现更短波长X射线激光方面的潜力.     

双爆炸膜内壳层光电离X射线激光实验研究

报道了Pd-NaF,Pd-Cu,Ag-NaF和Ag-Cu耦合双爆炸膜内壳层光电离X射线激光的实验方法和一些实验结果。结果表明,在本实验条件下,激光加热NaF或Cu靶产生的1keV区的光子,可以增强Pd或Ag等离子体中类-Cu离子的3d¹⁰4p-3d⁹4s²软X射线发射的强度,但不足以形成X射线激光的输出。 关键词：     

高分辨椭圆弯晶谱仪在激光等离子体实验中的应用

 描述了用于激光等离子体X射线光谱研究的椭圆弯曲晶体谱仪系统。在“神光Ⅱ”第九路激光上对该谱仪进行标定实验，利用CCD相机成功地获得了激光等离子体铝和钛离子的K壳层和金离子M壳层谱；通过研究和辨认谱线，得到了X射线光谱，同时还给出了实验测定的谱仪分辨率。椭圆弯曲晶体谱仪除有高的收集光子效率外，还有更好的谱分辨和空间分辨率。分析了椭圆弯曲晶体谱仪在前沿科学技术和高技术实验中的应用。     

神光Ⅱ升级装置锥壳靶间接驱动快点火集成实验

在神光Ⅱ升级装置上完成了国际上首次间接驱动快点火集成实验。实验采用双台阶脉冲整形激光注入黑腔产生X射线准等熵压缩锥壳靶,实现了高密度压缩,然后采用皮秒超短脉冲激光注入加热燃料。实验中观测到中子产额由皮秒激光注入前的5×103增加到2.2×105,中子产额增益达到44倍,实验证实了皮秒激光具有明显燃料加热效果。该实验为进一步开展快点火热斑形成效率和相关物理研究奠定了基础。     

超短超强激光与金属靶作用产生硬X射线照相

 超短超强激光与物质相互作用产生硬X射线的应用之一是X射线照相。利用等离子体国家重点实验室的SILEX-Ⅰ激光器进行了超短超强激光与高Z平面金属厚靶相互作用产生硬X射线作为照相光源的照相实验研究。采用闪烁体+胶片和闪烁体+CCD相机的方式分别接收X射线图像,在靶的侧向和后向得到清晰X射线图像。由于采用的闪烁体厚度和照相几何不同,图像质量和空间分辨率存在明显差别。这种照相技术不仅可以作为激光与固体靶相互作用产生光源研究的基础手段,而且可以作为激光与固体靶相互作用致硬X射线的探测方式。     

激光电子散射中的最大可能增益

借鉴自由电子激光(FEL)发展之初Madey对自由电子激光器中受激辐射引起的增益的讨论,通过在激光场中的量子电动力学(QED)的模型中引入激光电子系统初态态密度以及由不确定的系统初态到确定光子末态的跃迁速率,推导了激光电子正碰过程中受激辐射至单一电磁模式产生的最大可能增益。采用成功得到X射线或$\gamma $射线光子的三个激光电子Compton背散射实验的实验参数计算了激光电子散射过程中的最大可能增益,与第一台X射线自由电子激光(XFEL)中的最大可能增益作比较,进而对激光电子散射作为激光光源的可行性进行评估。计算结果表明,现有的能够得到X射线光子或$\gamma $射线光子的激光电子散射实验中的最大可能增益远低于第一台XFEL中的。本工作未能找到合适的激光电子参数以获得比第一台XFEL中更高的最大可能增益,但是在入射电磁波位于射频波段范围内找到了能够实现较高增益的参数组合。     

Investigations on laser plasma soft X-ray sources generated with low energy laser systems

Spectra of laser-induced plasmas at low laser energies and intensities (around 100 mJ and 10¹⁰ W cm^–2 respectively) have been recorded in the spectral range of 20 to 100 nm for different target materials, laser intensities at the target and laser wavelengths. For heavy target materials, a broadband spectrum with a spectral maximum typically around 30 nm is obtained. This broadband radiation source is well suited for photoionization processes and the generation of short wavelength inner-shell photoionization lasers. For the cadmium-photoionization laser, the influence of different soft X-ray spectra on the laser energy has been investigated. The potential of laser plasma soft X-ray sources for scientific and technical applications is briefly reviewed.Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Herbert Welling on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

飞秒与皮秒激光脉冲的主动同步及和频产生宽带超短激光的研究

利用主动同步方式实现了飞秒钛宝石激光器与皮秒Nd:YVO₄激光器的同步，得到了时间抖动低于1ps的同步精度.在此基础上进行了两束激光的和频实验研究，产生了波长为460nm的宽带蓝光飞秒脉冲激光.这一技术不仅代表了实现不同波长、不同脉冲宽度激光同步的一般方法，而且也证明了通过和频、差频两束不同激光产生新波长超短脉冲激光的一种全新技术方案. 关键词： 主动同步 超短脉冲 和频 差频     

Femtosecond coherent pulses in the keV range from inner-shell transitions pumped by a betatron source

We present a new method to generate ultra-short X-ray laser pulses by using the recently demonstrated laser-driven betatron source to photo-pump inner-shell transitions. The proposed compact set-up will then open the route to a wide range of applications. The betatron spectrum and ion-population kinetics are modeled and the temporal evolution of the gain coefficient for the K-α transitions is assessed. Using measured values of divergence, duration, and number of photons per pulse of the betatron source as input parameters, local gain values close to 60 cm^?1 are calculated for nitrogen at 3.2 nm. Significant gain values are also numerically obtained at shorter wavelengths (for neon at 1.5 nm) when the betatron energy distribution is optimized as suggested by recent laser wakefield electron acceleration experiments.     

基于透明陶瓷材料的激光研究进展

陶瓷激光器是一种以透明陶瓷材料作为增益介质的激光器。与单晶相比,透明陶瓷具有制备周期短和烧结温度低等优势,在激活离子高掺杂浓度下能保证良好的光学均匀性,且容易制备成各种大尺寸复合结构。近年在高功率和超短超强激光输出方面得到广泛应用,产生了一系列研究成果。回顾了陶瓷激光器的发展历程,总结了透明陶瓷在高功率、超短超强脉冲激光输出和特殊波长激光输出等方面的最新进展,并阐述了基于陶瓷制备优势的新型激光材料的发展趋势。     

抽运激光在光靶中的局域及其对X射线激光特性的影响

新型X射线靶设计为:由SiO2和TiO2组成具有12个周期的一维光子晶体,在它的中间嵌入光靶材料层作为缺陷层,SiO2,TiO2和光靶层的光学厚度分别为λ4、λ4和λ2,λ为抽运激光波长.与普通平板光靶相比,当抽运光垂直照射到这种光靶时,靶层内部的光强将提高2个数量级,所以抽运激光的阈值强度将降低2个数量级,这有利于X射线激光的小型化.在同样的抽运激光照射下,X射线激光的强度将提高4个数量级,转换效率也将提高约4个数量级.由于平均电离度随抽运激光强度的提高而提高,所以采用这种光靶有利于使X射线激光向短波长推进. 关键词： X射线激光 光子晶体 光波局域     

A coupled gain calculation and output characteristics of the two Ne-like 2s and 2p hole X-ray laser lines

In most collisionally pumped X-ray lasers the lasing transitions considered are a result of collisional excitation of a Ne-like ground state 2p electron into a 3p excited level. However, there are suggestions of producing plasma conditions for collisional pumping of the inner-shell 2s electrons into highly excited 3s levels, with lasing arising as a 2p electron fills the 2s hole. Simulations on various Ne-like ions such as germanium, krypton, and yttrium, using collisional pumping, to get gain on the inner-shell transitions at 62, 50.2, and , respectively, have shown gains on the inner-shell transitions up to . It has been suggested that the large Doppler linewidth associated with shorter wavelengths is responsible for the smallness of the small-signal gain in the inner-shell transitions relative to than that predicted for the more usual 2p-hole transitions. However, experimental investigations of this 2s-hole inner-shell laser line, using collisional pumping technique, were unable to register any output. In this paper we report the result of calculations of the gain and the total spontaneous emission rate for the 2s-hole and the 2p-hole X-ray laser lines using a coupled four level model. It is shown that the small-signal gain of the 2s-hole inner-shell transition decreases with increasing pumping rates of the 2p-hole upper and lower levels. The output characteristics of the Ne-like inner-shell transition is simulated using this four-level model and the effects of saturation of the 2p-hole line on the 2s-hole transition is studied showing that the saturation of the former may have a severe effect on the output of the later.     

超短脉冲激光在引导闪电中的应用

超短超强激光可以在大气中引起非线性效应以及产生等离子体，超短超强激光在非线性自聚焦和等离子体散焦的平衡可以使激光在大气中传播很长的距离，从而产生一条较长的低密度的等离子体通道，文章对其形成的原理和利用其引导闪电的可行性进行阐述，说明该通道在外场下可以触发和引导闪电到安全地点，对其机制的深入研究对工业和国防应用具有重要的意义。     

Parametric study of plasma active medium and gain saturation region in a Ne-like soft X-ray laser

Plasmas created by the interaction of high power optical laser with a target surface can be used as a source of soft X-ray lasers. Plasma and pump laser characteristics play significant role in achieving high gain coefficient for such plasma based on soft X-ray lasers. In the present work, the plasma active medium parameters for germanium element at a wavelength of 19.6 nm irradiated by a double-pulse pump laser have been studied using MED103 hydrodynamic code. For this purpose, first, the effects of laser intensity, pulse width and delay time of two pulses on the gain coefficient have been investigated and the optimum conditions for the maximum gain extent of Ne-like germanium soft X-ray laser are obtained. Then, in order to calculate the intensity of such high gain lasers in which Linford equation is invalid, we have adopted the general formula of amplified spontaneous emission intensity, which is valid in all range of intensities even at much higher intensities than saturation intensity. Finally, the soft X-ray laser intensities in the saturated areas for different plasma lengths have been calculated. The results show that the output of soft X-ray laser intensity with 294 cm⁻¹ gain coefficient can reach to about several times saturated intensity by applying a 1–2 mm plasma length as the active medium.     

Ultra-short pulsed laser deposition of gallium arsenide: a comprehensive study

A Gallium Arsenide target has been ablated by using a frequency-doubled Nd:glass laser with a pulse duration of 250 fs and thin films have been deposited in vacuum. The plasma produced by the ablation process and the deposited films have been studied by several different techniques, including optical emission spectroscopy, ICCD fast imaging and electron microscopies, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, respectively. The data evidence that the films, which composition shows an excess of Ga, are formed by the coalescence of a large number of nanoparticles. These results, even if the plasma does not evidence the presence of nanoparticles, seem to indicate that the ablation-deposition mechanism is the same found for the majority of the other systems deposited by ultra-short pulse lasers.