化学检测实验室内部质量控制方法及结果评价探讨

质量是企业发展之本,关系消费者的切身利益。在日益激烈的市场竞争中,企业愈发意识到质量管理的重要意义。质量控制是质量管理的一个重要组成部分,GB/T 19000-2016[1]对质量控制的定义是"质量管理的一部分,致力于满足提供质量要求"。对于化学检测实验室,保证检测结果有效性是最重要的质量要求之一。     

复方丹参合剂对去卵巢大鼠骨矿盐代谢的影响

用测定骨矿盐含量的方法,分析了复方丹参合剂(三种不同剂量)对切除双侧卵巢后的大鼠骨矿盐代谢的影响。将健康4月龄雌性SD大鼠36只,随机分成6组:A组(正常对照组);B组(假去卵巢组);C组(去卵巢组);D组(去卵巢 合剂小剂量组);E组(去卵巢 合剂中等剂量组);F组(去卵巢 合剂大剂量组)。去卵巢手术后1 d开始,连续用药11周。结果表明,去卵巢大鼠骨干质量、干质量/体质量、骨灰质量、骨灰质量/体质量、骨灰质量占骨干质量比等均明显降低,复方丹参合剂可使去卵巢大鼠降低的骨干质量、骨干质量/体质量、骨灰质量、骨灰质量/体质量、骨灰质量占骨干质量比等均显著回升。提示复方丹参合剂具有良好的对抗由于去卵巢引起骨矿盐含量降低和骨丢失作用。     

用制定评价细目表的方法科学命制初中化学质量评价检测试题

编制初中化学质量评价检测题可以从分解课程标准, 制定学习目标;依据学习目标, 制定质量评价目标细目表和质量评价题型细目表;依据质量评价题型细目表, 编制质量评价检测题等3步进行。     

运动和碳酸钙联合应用对去卵巢大鼠骨矿盐代谢的影响

用测定骨矿盐含量的方法,观察了运动和碳酸钙（CaCO3）联合应用对去卵巢大鼠骨矿盐代谢的影响。将健康4月龄雌性SD大鼠30只,用抽签法随机分成5组：正常对照组,假去卵巢组,去卵巢组,去卵巢＋CaCO3组,去卵巢＋CaCO3＋运动组。去卵巢＋CaCO3组和去卵巢＋CaCO3＋运动组大鼠于切除卵巢术后第2天开始给予CaCO3灌胃[元素钙20mg／（kg·d）],持续11周;去卵巢＋CaCO3＋运动组大鼠于去卵巢术后第7天开始运动训练,每周5d,每天连续匀速跑45min,16m／min,跑道倾角0°,持续10周。结果表明,去卵巢组大鼠骨干质量、骨干质量／体质量、骨灰质量、骨灰质量／体质量、骨灰质量／骨干质量（％）均明显低于假去卵巢组;去卵巢＋CaCO3组大鼠骨干质量、骨干质量／体质量、骨灰质量、骨灰质量／体质量、骨灰质量／骨干质量（％）等指标虽然较去卵巢组增加,但骨灰质量、骨灰质量／体质量、骨灰质量／骨干质量（％）等指标仍显著低于假去卵巢组;运动和CaCO3联合应用后,上述各指标均显著回升,并且基本恢复到对照组水平。提示运动可加强CaCO3抗去卵巢大鼠骨矿盐丢失的作用。     

用质量检测管理信息系统统计质量目标

阐述了综合性检测机构的质量目标在报告准确性、及时性和客户满意度方面的体现,详细介绍了分解及统计质量目标的方法、质量管理信息系统在统计质量目标方面的功能及其在统计质量目标方面的应用.     

化学检测实验室内部质量控制方式探讨及结果评价

质量控制是指实验室利用现代科学管理的方法和技术控制与分析有关的各个环节,目的是把分析测试的误差控制在允许的范围内,保证分析的准确度和精密度,它贯穿于实验室全部质量活动的始终,包括分析前质量保证、分析中质量控制和分析后质量评估三个阶段。其中分析中质量控制又称检测结果的质量保证,实验室的其它质量活动对其提供保证或促进作用。本文从质量控制图、标准物质、回收试验、实验     

基于方法比对的化学检测实验室内部质量控制北大核心CSCD

质量控制在化学检测试验中有着重要的作用,其目的之一是对实验室中的误差进行控制,使数据在允许范围内,从而确保检测结果的准确性和有效性[1]。质量控制分为内部质量控制与外部质量控制。内部质量控制是实验室控制质量风险、寻求改进机会的重要切入点[2-3]。     

As~(3+)和As~(5+)在番茄幼苗中的吸收积累差异

利用砂培的方法,在人工气候箱内进行了As3+和As5+污染处理下的番茄幼苗的生长试验。分别设置了2、10 mg.L1两个处理质量浓度,从两片真叶时开始处理,在人工气候箱中栽培7 d后,进行取样分析植株总砷含量,并对株高、根长、鲜质量以及干质量等生长特性进行测量。结果表明,(1)砷污染下株高、鲜质量和干质量与对照相比有显著减少,表现为抑制生长的效应,并且高质量浓度时抑制效应越明显,但是根长受到的影响不大,而鲜质量和干质量都以对照为最高,并随着处理质量浓度的增加鲜质量和干质量都有减少的趋势,并且在相同质量浓度下,As3+处理与As5+处理相比,植株的鲜质量显著减少,干质量只有在高质量浓度处理下才会显著减少。(2)番茄幼苗植株对As3+和As5+的吸收积累上存在显著差异,其中As3+易于被植株吸收,相同质量浓度下的吸收量最高可达As5+的14.3倍。     

李克强:完善国家标准体系,提升标准、检测适用性

<正>不久前,以"质量、创新、发展"为主题的首届中国质量(北京)大会在人民大会堂召开,国务院总理李克强出席会议并作重要讲话。来自美欧等国家和地区及国际质量组织负责人、中外企业家和专家学者等600多人出席。李克强说,质量是国家综合实力的集中反映,是打造中国经济升级版的关键,关乎亿万群众的福祉。中国经济要保持中高速增长、向中高端水平迈进,必须推动各方把促进发展的立足点转到提高经济质量效益上来,把注意力放在提高产品和服务质量上来,牢固确立质量即是生命、质量决定发展效益和价值的理念,把经济社会发展推向质量时代。紧紧依靠深化改革,在不断发展中打好全面提高中国经济质量攻     

大型电站煤粉炉自身固硫灰渣的微观晶相分析

研究了电站1 025 t/h煤粉炉燃用Ca/S(摩尔比)=2.02的神木煤自身固硫灰渣的晶相组成,XRD分析表明,入炉煤中无定形的非晶相质量分数高达91.2%,CaCO3晶相质量分数为2.1%。满负荷下飞灰中因高温熔融形成的玻璃态非晶相质量分数高达70.5%,煤灰自身固硫产物CaSO4质量分数为3.4%,CaCO3和CaO质量分数为6.9%,使其仍具有进一步固硫的能力。满负荷下炉底渣中钠长石质量分数高达59.2%,非晶相质量分数为25.7%,未发现CaSO4、CaCO3或CaO晶相。当锅炉负荷降低时,飞灰中非晶相质量分数相应降低,炉底渣中非晶相质量分数升高。     

Assessing toxicological data quality: basic principles,existing schemes and current limitations

Existing toxicological data may be used for a variety of purposes such as hazard and risk assessment or toxicity prediction. The potential use of such data is, in part, dependent upon their quality. Consideration of data quality is of key importance with respect to the application of chemicals legislation such as REACH. Whether data are being used to make regulatory decisions or build computational models, the quality of the output is reflected by the quality of the data employed. Therefore, the need to assess data quality is an important requirement for making a decision or prediction with an appropriate level of confidence. This study considers the biological and chemical factors that may impact upon toxicological data quality and discusses the assessment of data quality. Four general quality criteria are introduced and existing data quality assessment schemes are discussed. Two case study datasets of skin sensitization data are assessed for quality providing a comparison of existing assessment methods. This study also discusses the limitations and difficulties encountered during quality assessment, including the use of differing quality schemes and the global versus chemical-specific assessments of quality. Finally, a number of recommendations are made to aid future data quality assessments.     

Assessing toxicological data quality: basic principles, existing schemes and current limitations

Existing toxicological data may be used for a variety of purposes such as hazard and risk assessment or toxicity prediction. The potential use of such data is, in part, dependent upon their quality. Consideration of data quality is of key importance with respect to the application of chemicals legislation such as REACH. Whether data are being used to make regulatory decisions or build computational models, the quality of the output is reflected by the quality of the data employed. Therefore, the need to assess data quality is an important requirement for making a decision or prediction with an appropriate level of confidence. This study considers the biological and chemical factors that may impact upon toxicological data quality and discusses the assessment of data quality. Four general quality criteria are introduced and existing data quality assessment schemes are discussed. Two case study datasets of skin sensitization data are assessed for quality providing a comparison of existing assessment methods. This study also discusses the limitations and difficulties encountered during quality assessment, including the use of differing quality schemes and the global versus chemical-specific assessments of quality. Finally, a number of recommendations are made to aid future data quality assessments.     

Implementation of a quality system in a clinical laboratory – Evaluation of quality indicators

 The aim of this study was to evaluate the primary experience of implementing a quality system in a clinical laboratory. The second interrelated aim was to evaluate the quality and financial indicators needed for continuous measurement of quality, decision making in the laboratory management and everyday process control in analytical work. The quality process itself should be evaluated because the building up of a quality system requires a considerable amount of resources. The most effective and practical ways of using a quality system as a management tool should be found and the need for financial appraisal when the quality system is implemented is stressed. According to our study, when the effects of the quality system were evaluated, the managers of the laboratory had not considered the appropriate financial indicators. The quality indicators considered to be the best were internal quality control, external quality assessment and customer satisfaction surveys. The first benefits of the quality system evaluated by the personnel were other than the purely financial benefits, they include a more systematic and empowering approach to laboratory management, better working instructions, better knowledge of the methods and equipment, and fewer errors. The financial evaluation of a quality process in a public-owned clinical laboratory is complicated due to the fact that financial indicators are not as far developed and diverse as in industrial organisations. When starting to implement a quality system, it is important to pay attention to all measures that motivate the staff and help them benefit from the practical effects of the system. Received: 10 November 1999 / Accepted: 12 January 2000     

Clinical quality vs analytical performance: what are the right targets and target values?

For optimal performance of laboratory tests, testing processes should be designed to provide clinically useful quality and QC procedures should be selected to assure that the necessary clinical quality is achieved in routine production. One important issue is how to define clinical quality. Today’s practice guidelines, quality regulations, and quality standards provide some targets for analytical quality, but they fail to adequately address clinical quality. Target values for precision and accuracy are not the same as clinical quality, though analytical performance certainly contributes to the clinical quality of test results. How can we proceed in our quest to improve quality when there are inconsistencies and inadequacies in the specifications found in practice guidelines, regulations, and standards? Today target values are often being set for the wrong targets. A better approach is possible if we focus on test interpretation guidelines to define clinical quality, then derive specifications for the accuracy and precision that are appropriate for the method, as well the QC rules and numbers of control measurements that are necessary to guarantee the desired quality will be achieved in routine operation of the testing process.     

中药质量评价关键问题与分析方法探讨

该文针对我国目前中药质量评价体系现状,总结了中药质量评价的关键科学问题,并围绕"发现"与"控制"有效成分的中药质量评价方法进行探讨.笔者结合多年中药质量分析研究工作经验,分析了中药"谱-效"关系研究、全时段等基线多波长融合指纹图谱、生物活性测定法3种质量评价与检测方法的研究内容、手段、适用范围等,为丰富、完善中药质量控...     

Study of water transpiration features of sweet pepper using a thermal imaging system and non-destructive quality monitoring during post-harvest storage

Summary Sweet pepper is susceptible to relatively fast quality changes and its quality is influenced strongly by water or mass losses mainly due to transpiration processes during post-harvest. The aim of this study was the investigation of different storage conditions' effect on quality maintenance of pepper using surface thermal imaging, measurement of overall static stiffness and low-mass impact stiffness as non-destructive methods. Post-harvest keeping quality of pepper samples increased and unfavourable quality degradation was prevented under low, non-chilling temperatures together with the use of LDPE-packaging film resulted in high quality and fresh appearance after more than two weeks long storage period.     

What can be Learned from Silage Breeding Programs?

Improving the quality of cellulosic ethanol feedstocks through breeding and genetic manipulation could significantly impact the economics of this industry. Attaining this will require comprehensive and rapid characterization of large numbers of samples. There are many similarities between improving corn silage quality for dairy production and improving feedstock quality for cellulosic ethanol. It was our objective to provide insight into what is needed for genetic improvement of cellulosic feedstocks by reviewing the development and operation of a corn silage breeding program. We discuss the evolving definition of silage quality and relate what we have learned about silage quality to what is needed for measuring and improving feedstock quality. In addition, repeatability estimates of corn stover traits are reported for a set of hybrids. Repeatability of theoretical ethanol potential measured by near-infrared spectroscopy is high, suggesting that this trait may be easily improved through breeding. Just as cell wall digestibility has been factored into the latest measurements of silage quality, conversion efficiency should be standardized and included in indices of feedstock quality to maximize overall, economical energy availability.     

Quality assurance in clinical chemistry laboratories in the UK

 Since the mid-1960s quality assurance in clinical chemistry has progressed from a need to define and improve precision and accuracy in analytical test procedures to an all-embracing process of assuring that the whole process of pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical phases of handling patient samples is managed effectively and efficiently. Automated and computer-controlled equipment has reduced many of the analytical errors, in particular in imprecision, that were present in manual analysis. New management techniques have been developed to control the quality and appropriateness of results. Developments in internal quality control and external quality assessment procedures have enabled laboratories to continually improve the quality of assays. Laboratory accreditation and external quality assessment scheme accreditation have ensured that peer review and peer pressure have been applied to both laboratory and external quality assessment scheme performance. As the NHS reviews its priorities and places more emphasis on primary care provider demands, hospital laboratories will of necessity assist with near patient testing outside the laboratory. This will provide new challenges to the quality of the service provided. Received: 2 July 1998 · Accepted: 1 August 1998     

Understanding the quality concept in health care

During the past three decades there has been an intense debate on the quality of health care. Errors in medicine, practice variations, competence of physicians, scarcity and lack of resources have all been reasons for discussing the quality of care. A clear definition of quality should explain the nature of the debate, improve uniformity of speech and facilitate meaningful actions such as quality assurance or quality improvement. However, in due course many different definitions have been proposed and principles of quality assurance in health care have been frequently questioned, because of their industrial nature. It raises questions on our understanding of quality in health care. In this paper, we (i) explore the nature of the quality concept, (ii) explain its meaning by Wittgenstein's theory on rule-following, and (iii) argue for understanding medical care as a reflexive practice, in order to integrate the meaning of quality in medical care.