先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形的手术治疗

目的 探讨半椎体切除后采用平移技术及悬梁臂技术治疗先天性脊柱侧后凸的有效性.方法 回顾性分析2005年1月~2010年1月于本院行手术治疗的先天性脊柱侧后凸患儿24例,男11例,女13例;年龄为6~14岁,平均10.3岁.均于全麻下接受半椎体切除联合内固定矫正脊柱侧后凸畸形,记录患者的手术时间、出血量,术后侧凸角和后凸角的矫正率及末次随访时丢失率.结果 所有患者均获随访,平均随访14个月,手术时间 （148±25） min,手术出血量 （760±85） mL.11例患者置入4对椎弓根螺钉,8例患者置入5对椎弓根螺钉,5例患者置入6对椎弓根螺钉,平均置入4.75对.侧凸Cobb角术前为52.7°±6.2°,术后为9.4°±2.3°,矫正率为82.2%,末次随访时为10.2°±1.2°,矫正丢失率为8.5%.后凸Cobb角术前为30.2°±5.3°,术后为7.2°±1.4°,矫正率为76.2%,末次随访时为7.7°±1.0°,矫正丢失率为6.9%.随访期间未发生内固定物相关并发症,无曲轴现象出现.结论 半椎体切除联合内固定矫形是治疗先天性脊柱侧凸的理想方法,应用平移及悬梁臂技术可显著矫正脊柱侧后凸畸形.     

半椎体切除术治疗先天性脊柱侧后弯畸形

目的分析一期后路半椎体切除治疗先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形的手术效果,并探讨手术固定融合节段方案的选择。方法回顾分析15例由半椎体引起侧后凸畸形的患儿,其中男9例,女6例,年龄3～17岁,平均13.5岁。均行后路半椎体切除、矫形内固定及情骨融合手术。结果随访15～68个月,平均40.5个月。术后矫形效果满意,侧凸畸形由术前平均45.3°改善至11.4°（矫正率达68.7%）;后凸畸形由术前的平均35.5°,矫正至11.4°（矫形率达67.9%）,远期矫形丢失率低,植骨融合良好,无内固定物断裂松动等并发症。结论一期后路半椎体切除、椎弓根钉棒系统矫形内固定和植骨融合手术,可以有效矫正青少年脊柱结构性侧后凸畸形。     

后路半椎体切除内固定矫治先天性脊柱侧后凸

目的评价后路一期半椎体切除椎弓根钉矫形治疗先天性半椎体所致脊柱侧后凸的临床效果。方法11例患者,平均年龄9.3岁,4例位于胸椎,5例位于腰椎,均为完全分节型,手术采用后路一期半椎体切除,椎弓根器械矫形并植骨融合。结果手术固定节段2-7个椎体,平均3.3个椎体。术后随访6-30个月,平均14.5个月。全脊柱正侧位X线片示冠状面Cobb角由术前平均41.15°矫正至15.35°,平均矫正率61.53％,矢状面Cobb角由术前平均34.15°矫正至13.26°,平均矫正率60.27％,顶椎偏移由术前25.34mm矫正至11.46mm,最后随访时侧凸和后凸Cobb角平均分别为16.86°和14.08°,与术后相比无纠正丢失。无任何手术并发症,无内固定断裂脱落,均融合。结论一期后路半椎体切除椎弓根器械矫形是治疗先天性脊柱侧后凸安全、有效的术式,能够获得满意的矫正。     

应用AIIMS分型评价脊柱侧后凸畸形胸椎椎弓根螺钉置入的研究

目的:探讨AIIMS(All India Institute of Medical Sciences)分型在评价脊柱侧后凸胸椎椎弓根螺钉置人中的应用价值.方法:1996年6月～2008年1月治疗脊柱侧后凸畸形患者73例,从中选取有完整术后CT资料者25例.其中男10例,女15例,年龄13～25岁,平均17.9岁.特发性脊柱侧后凸14例,先天性脊柱侧后凸5例,神经纤维瘤病伴脊柱侧后凸3例,脊髓空洞伴脊柱侧后凸2例,成骨不全性脊柱侧后凸1例.术前主胸弯冠状面Cobb角75°～1420°,平均93.6°;主弯后凸角50.5°～86.2°,平均65.1°.手术方式采用椎板间开窗法行胸椎椎弓根螺钉置入,后路主弯区附件松解和/或顶椎全脊椎切除,三维矫形和360°植骨融合术.术后根据AIIMS分型统计螺钉置人位置及相关并发症.结果:共置入218枚胸椎椎弓根螺钉,15例出现91枚螺钉偏置(41.74%).AIIMS分型中Ⅰ型(螺钉位置可接受型)占96.33%(210/218),Ⅱ型(螺钉位置不可接受型)占3.67%(8/218),无Ⅲ型(并发症型).术中在凹侧建立椎弓根通道时造成椎弓根骨折5例,未予置钉;术中硬膜撕裂4例,其中2例术后出现脑脊液漏,对症治疗5d后愈合;均无脊髓或大血管损伤.术后平均主胸弯冠状面Cobb角39.7°,平均矫正率57.6%,术后平均主弯后凸角35.5°,平均矫正率45.5%.随访1～5年,平均3.1年,冠状面和矢状面平均矫正度未见明显丢失.结论:AIIMS分型能较全面地评价脊柱侧后凸畸形胸椎椎弓根螺钉置入后的位置和并发症情况,有一定临床应用价值.     

后路半椎体切除椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗小儿先天性脊柱畸形

目的评价后路半椎体切除、椎弓根螺钉内固定治疗小儿先天性脊柱畸形的临床疗效.方法2003年6月～2005年6月应用后路半椎体切除、椎弓根螺钉内固定和自体骨短节段植骨融合治疗28例小儿先天性脊柱侧凸畸形患者,男10例,女18例,年龄1.6～7岁,平均3.8岁.完全分节半椎体24例,半椎体伴对侧分节障碍4例.术后定期复查脊柱X线片,观察脊柱融合、畸形矫正率及内固定稳定情况.结果术中发生胸膜损伤和脑脊液漏各1例,分别经胸腔和伤口引流痊愈;术后切口浅表感染1例,经抗炎和换药处理治愈;无神经系统损伤.随访23～48个月,平均35个月,术前主弯冠状面Cobb角平均为35.2°±2.2°,术后为5.2°±1.2°,末次随访为7.4°±1.1°,丢失2.2°;后凸角平均为26.2°±3.1°,术后为4.2°±0.8°,末次随访为4.8°±1.0°,丢失0.6°;均获得良好骨融合,融合时间3～6个月,平均4.2个月;无内固定失败及假关节形成.结论后路半椎体切除、椎弓根螺钉内固定植骨融合能安全有效地矫正小儿先天性脊柱侧凸畸形,并能达到稳定的短节段内固定及优良的融合效果.     

后路单侧经椎弓根半椎体截骨治疗青少年先天性脊柱侧凸

目的评估后路经椎弓根截骨矫形部分半椎体保留治疗先天性半椎体所致脊柱侧凸畸形的临床疗效。方法共18例先天性半椎体合并脊柱侧凸患者纳入随访研究,平均年龄16.17岁（14～21岁）,术前测量半椎体所致脊柱畸形的节段性主弯Cobb角45.39°±6.81°,头侧代偿弯Cobb角27.5°±2.71°,尾侧代偿弯Cobb角为26.44°±6.85°,顶椎偏距为4.28±0.58cm,节段性后/前凸角度为14.11°±18.07°。所有病例均采用后路一期经半椎体椎弓根截骨,双侧固定矫正侧凸畸形。随访时间为14.17±6.56个月。综合评估影像学、临床疗效以及并发症的情况。结果手术时间为2.82±0.74h,术中失血量317.22±65.15ml。术后节段性主弯Cobb角为11.33°±4.68°,矫正34.06°±7.88°,末次随访14.61°±4.96°;头侧代偿弯Cobb角为8.72°±1.44°,矫正18.78°±3.17°,末次随访18.78°±3.17°;尾侧代偿弯Cobb角为7.98°±1.82°,矫正18.47°±5.83°,末次随访18.47°±5.83°;节段性后/前凸角为-1.94°±12.35°,矫正14.94°±10.18°,末次随访-1.5°±12.67°。顶椎偏距的矫正为2.31±0.52cm,末次随访2.1±0.24cm。术中没有血管、神经损伤、骨折等重大并发症发生,术后没有发生冠状面和矢状面的失代偿。结论后路半椎体经椎弓根截骨矫形能有效矫正轻、中度先天性半椎体所致脊柱侧凸畸形,缩短手术时间,创伤小,减少术中失血量,矫形效果满意,所选病例骨骼发育相对成熟者,避免矫形丢失。     

后路矫形固定融合治疗先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形的疗效分析

[目的]回顾性分析15例先天性脊柱侧后凸畸形经后路矫形植骨固定矫正术的治疗效果。[方法]2002年7月～2008年8月,先天性脊柱侧后凸患者15例,男8例,女7例;平均年龄11.6岁。术前拍摄站立位的脊柱正侧位X线片及左右Bending位X线片、CT及全脊柱MRI;其中,先天性半椎体11例,Chiari畸形/脊髓空洞症3例,神经纤维瘤病1例。侧凸Cobb’s角平均78°(35°～156°),后凸平均25°(15°～38°)。对于先天性半椎体引起脊柱侧后凸畸形的患者9例行后路经椎弓根半椎体切除、椎弓根螺钉(美国,史赛克)固定术,2例行后路长节段矫形卢氏环内固定融合术;对于Chiari畸形/脊髓空洞症的3例及神经纤维瘤病1例患者行后路长节段矫形代偿弯固定融合术。[结果]平均手术时间5.5h(3.5～7.5h);平均术中出血850ml(300～2100ml);平均随访43个月(10～82个月),术后侧凸平均28°(11°～38°),矫正率64%;术后后凸平均16°(7°～33°),矫正率36%,均骨性融合;1例神经纤维瘤病患者术中发生大出血,经大量输血后,病情平稳。长期随访发现内固定断裂3例,曲轴现象2例,但无其他术后并发症发生。[结论]先天性脊柱侧后突畸形是复杂的骨骼神经肌肉系统疾病,应针对不同的病因采用个体化治疗方案;其中,半椎体切除短节段椎弓根钉内固定植骨融合对先天性半椎体畸形是有效、安全的方法。     

术中三维CT导航引导下半椎体切除治疗小儿先天性脊柱侧凸

目的观察在术中CT导航引导下行小儿脊柱后路半椎体切除、椎弓根螺钉内固定的置钉准确率及近期疗效。方法 10例先天性半椎体畸形的患儿,手术时年龄为3～6岁,平均4.5岁。所有患儿均为单发完全分节半脊椎,其中半脊椎1例位于T10,2例位于T11,3例位于T12、2例位于L2,1例位于L3,1例位于L4。术中在CT导航引导下进行置钉和半椎体切除。结果本组病例共置椎弓根螺钉48枚,经术中CT扫描证实位置良好,无穿透椎弓根内侧壁进入椎管者,大部分螺钉刚好穿出椎体前缘皮质骨,置钉准确率达100%。术前半脊椎上下相邻节段侧凸Cobb角为20.0°～60.0°,平均40.5°,术后矫正至1.0°～14.0°,平均矫正至8.3°,平均矫正率为78.5%。在6例胸椎半脊椎病例中,术前半脊椎上下相邻节段后凸Cobb角为23.0°～36.0°,平均29.3°,术后Cobb角矫正至0°～13.0°,平均矫正至8.3°,平均矫正率为69.5%;在4例腰椎半脊椎病例中,半脊椎上下相邻节段后凸Cobb角为0°～2.0°,平均1.5°,术后腰椎前凸恢复至8.0°～18.0°,平均恢复腰椎前凸13.0°。本组病例平均随访5个月,未发生螺钉松脱、折断等并发症,远近端代偿弯基本恢复正常。结论利用术中CT导航系统有利于在小儿患者中准确地置入椎弓根螺钉,能够有效增加矫形力和防止内固定的失败,使得切除小儿半脊椎更加简便和安全。     

后路半椎体切除短节段融合治疗先天性脊柱侧弯

[目的] 探讨单纯经后方人路半椎体切除后,行短节段椎弓根螺钉矫形固定对先天性脊柱侧弯的疗效.[方法] 2l例先天性半椎体畸形的患儿,单纯经后方入路切除半椎体,并一期行后路短节段椎弓根螺钉系统矫形固定和脊柱植骨融合术,比较术前、术后和最后一次随访脊柱全长正侧位x线片,测量并记录脊柱侧弯及后凸的Cobb's角.[结果] 本组病例脊柱畸形明显改善,冠状面,半椎体节段侧弯术前平均41.5°,术后15.1°,矫正率63.6%;最后一次随访时平均14.70,矫正64.6%;冠状面主侧弯术前平均46.9°,术后18.4°,矫正60.8%;最后一次随访时平均17.5.,矫正62.7%;矢状面,半椎体节段术前有15.4°后凸畸形,术后恢复至正常生理曲度范围.手术后头侧和尾侧代偿弯也得到明显改善.[结论] 单纯后方入路切除半椎体后行短节段椎弓根螺钉系统矫形内固定术,可满意地矫正先天性脊柱侧弯,在骨骼成熟之前进行治疗可有效地预防继发性的脊柱改变.     

后路多椎体截骨矫形术治疗儿童胸椎结核伴脊柱后凸畸形1例

目的分析后路多椎体截骨矫形术治疗儿童胸椎结核伴脊柱后凸畸形的临床疗效。方法回顾性分析于2019-03采用后路多椎体截骨矫形术治疗的1例儿童胸椎结核伴脊柱后凸畸形,术中在上下正常节段的相邻椎板安装椎弓根钉,切除T10~12椎体顶锥及椎间盘,顺应脊柱弯曲弧度置入连接棒,进行双轴旋转矫形,术后持续进行抗结核治疗。结果手术顺利完成,持续抗结核治疗后疼痛症状消失,连续3次血沉检测结果均为正常。术后冠状面Cobb角由术前75°矫正至30°,角状后凸角由术前150°矫正至25°,神经功能Frankel等级由术前的B级恢复至D级。术后随访1年上述指标仍为正常,远端1枚螺钉拔出,其余内固定位置良好,达到骨性融合。结论后路多椎体截骨矫形术治疗儿童胸椎结核伴脊柱后凸畸形可有效矫正脊柱畸形,促进神经功能恢复。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

Intraoperative autotransfusion is associated with modest reduction of allogeneic transfusion in prosthetic hip surgery

Background: The efficacy of intraoperative salvage and washing of wound blood and the predictors of allogeneic red cell transfusions in prosthetic hip surgery are insufficiently known.
Methods: In 96 patients, undergoing primary or revision surgery, salvaged and washed red cells and, if necessary, allogeneic blood were used to keep haematocrit not lower than 33%. The bleeding of red cells during hospital stay was calculated from the red cell balance. The preoperative red cell reserve (millilitres of red cells in excess of a haematocrit of 33%) was estimated and the difference between this volume and the total bleeding of red cells was retrospectively used to classify patients with regard to the need for red cells. Stepwise regression analysis was used to define patient-related variables associated with allogeneic blood transfusion.
Results: Preoperative knowledge of the type of operation (primary, revision), the preoperative red cell reserve, and the body mass could predict roughly half of the need for banked blood (r²=0.45). Only one-third of the total bleeding of red cells was retransfused. For complete avoidance of allogeneic blood, autotransfusion was most effective in patients with a moderate need (0–4 u). However, 32% of such patients required allogeneic blood.
Conclusions: Autotransfusion has a limited efficacy to decrease the need for allogeneic blood, and other blood-saving methods should be added for this purpose. It is difficult to predict the need for allogeneic blood preoperatively.     

缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响

目的    观察缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌外泌体的影响,探讨外泌体在缺氧致肾脏损伤中的作用及机制。 方法    （1）常氧（21% O₂）及缺氧（1% O₂）分别处理大鼠肾小管上皮细胞（NRK-52E）48 h,收集细胞上清液并使用高速梯度离心法分离外泌体。采用透射电镜、纳米示踪分析、Western印迹、蛋白浓度定量鉴定并比较两组外泌体的基本特性。（2）在共培养实验中,以不同浓度（1、10、50、100、300 mg/L）的常氧外泌体、缺氧外泌体分别干预脂多糖（LPS）诱导的大鼠原代腹腔巨噬细胞,使用实时荧光定量PCR与酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法分别检测巨噬细胞白细胞介素6（IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（TNF-α）、诱导型氮氧化物合酶（iNOS）水平;使用Western印迹法检测巨噬细胞磷酸化（p）STAT/STAT及细胞因子信号传导抑制蛋白1（SOCS1）的蛋白表达;最后,使用实时荧光定量PCR法检测常氧外泌体与缺氧外泌体中炎性反应相关微RNA（microRNA,miR）的表达差异。 结果    （1）离心得到的囊泡具有外泌体典型的结构,粒径小于150 nm,表达外泌体标志蛋白CD63,说明分离得到外泌体。缺氧对肾小管上皮细胞分泌的外泌体形态、粒径分布比例无明显影响,但提高了外泌体的分泌量。（2）缺氧外泌体相比于常氧外泌体促进了LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞IL-6、TNF-α、iNOS 的表达和分泌（均P＜0.01）,同时提高STAT的磷酸化水平并减少SOCS1的蛋白表达（均P＜0.01）;对炎性反应相关microRNA检测发现缺氧外泌体中miR-155、miR-27a表达量较常氧外泌体明显升高（P＜0.05）。 结论    缺氧可改变外泌体的生物学功能,表现为协同促进LPS诱导的M1型巨噬细胞的表型转化,这可能是慢性肾脏病微炎性反应状态持续的原因之一。     

In Vitro Function and Durability Assessment of a Novel Polyurethane Heart Valve Prosthesis

Abstract While flexible-leaflet, central-flow prosthetic heart valves promise relief from anticoagulation therapy, they continue to be restricted by inadequate durability. In consequence, a novel trileaflet valve, made entirely from polyurethane, has been developed. A batch of 6 consecutively manufactured polyurethane valves was subjected to hydrodynamic function and accelerated fatigue testing. Computerized data acquisition and control systems have been introduced to improve valve testing methodologies. In terms of hydrodynamic function, the polyurethane valve demonstrates transvalvular pressure gradients similar to those for a bioprosthetic valve (Carpentier-Edwards) and levels of retrograde flow significantly less than those for either the bioprosthetic valve or a bileaflet mechanical valve (St Jude Medical). The equivalent of 10 years of cycling without failure has been exceeded by all 6 polyurethane valves in accelerated fatigue tests with 2 valves remaining intact after 674 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 17 years) in continuing tests. Highspeed photography revealed considerable differences in leaflet motion between valves cycled at accelerated and physiological rates.     

Negative pressure ventilation vs. spontaneous assisted ventilation during rigid bronchoscopy: A controlled randomised trial

Background: Ventilation during interventional rigid bronchoscopy (IRB) under general anaesthesia (jet ventilation, positive pressure ventilation and spontaneous assisted ventilation) may offer some difficulties. This study compares the effectiveness during IRB of intermittent negative pressure ventilation (INPV) and spontaneous assisted ventilation (SAV). Methods: Thirty-eight patients submitted to IRB were randomised into two groups: SAV or INPV. All patients received a total intravenous anaesthesia; INPV patients were paralysed. Pre-and intra-operative arterial blood gases and O₂ flow through a rigid bronchoscope were assessed. The endoscopist applying a subjective score evaluated the operating conditions. Results: Patients of the INPV group, as compared to the SAV group, required a lower dosage of fentanyl (2.6 ± 1.8 (μg · kg^?1· h^?1 vs. 6.6 ± 4.8 μg · kg^?1· h^?1), a lower O₂ supply (3.3 ± 2.8 1/min vs. 11.6 ± 3.4 1/min), a shorter recovery time (5.4 ± 2.9 min vs. 9.8 ± 7.1 min) and no manually assisted ventilation (0 ± 0 vs. 1 ± 1.1 nd?/procedure). Intraoperative PaCO₂ was higher in the SAV (8.1 ± 1.3 kPa) than in the INPV group (5.0 ± 1.6 kPa) and intraoperative pH differed in the two groups (7.26 ± 0.05, SAV vs. 7.47 ± 0.08, INPV). Operating conditions, as assessed by a subjective score, were considered better with INPV than with SAV (4.9 vs. 4.3). Conclusions: As compared to SAV, INPV in paralysed patients during IRB reduces administration of opioids, shortens recovery time, prevents respiratory acidosis, excludes the need for manually assisted ventilation, reduces 02 need and affords optimal surgical conditions. INPV appears a safe, non-invasive and effective ventilatory management during IRB.