Design of a circular Dammann grating

A novel circular Dammann grating is proposed to generate uniform-intensity impulse rings corresponding to different diffraction orders in the far field. The intensities of the rings are determined by the coefficients of the circular sine series decomposition of the grating function. The definition of diffraction efficiency and uniformity for this novel device are described. Numerical solutions of binary phase circular Dammann gratings are presented. A binary phase three-order circular Dammann grating of pi phase depth is fabricated by an e-beam direct writing technique and is experimentally demonstrated.     

高衍射效率亚波长结构Dammann光栅的设计

传统的Dammann光栅是基于标量衍射理论设计的二值相位等光强分束器件，其衍射效率的典型值为80%左右.基于严格耦合波分析理论和遗传算法，提出了一种设计亚波长结构Dammann光栅的新方法，且该新型二值相位光栅具有较高的衍射效率.同时利用自编的仿真程序包设计了多个光栅，并分析了制作误差对其衍射效率和光强均匀性的影响.仿真结果表明，用该方法所设计的Dammann光栅的衍射效率超过92%.     

基于达曼光栅的动态光耦合器

提出了一种基于达曼光栅的动态光耦合器,通过控制装置中达曼光栅位移参量,可实现入射光束的分束或合束以及两者之间的动态转换。适当选择达曼光栅类型可实现任意N×M的动态光耦合。实验中以1550 nm光波长为例,对1×8达曼动态光耦合器进行测量,测得其实现光开关功能时插入损耗为0.43 dB,实现光分束功能时均匀性达到0.03,单路插入损耗均值为10.5 dB。该实验装置易于调节、体积小、能耗低,且关键元件达曼光栅制作工艺成熟,易于批量化生产。特别是在实现中大规模光交换阵列时,该方案就具有更明显的优越性,有实用意义。     

Collimation testing using a circular Dammann grating

A novel technique for collimation testing with a circular Dammann grating is proposed. When the beam under test is incident on a one-order circular Dammann grating with limited aperture, double-humped radial rings will be generated at the back focal plane of a focusing lens. If the beam is collimated, the separation between the two rings will reach its minimal, otherwise the two rings will be apart from each other. Therefore, the degree of collimation of the tested beam can be estimated from the separation. The principle and experimental results of the method are presented. Owing to the simplicity and low cost of the method, it is a promising method for quickly checking the collimation of a laser beam.     

快速边界识别算法用于达曼光栅掩模数据生成的研究

针对达曼光栅的数据写入问题,提出了一种快速边界识别算法（FBIA）用于复杂二元光学图形掩模的CIF格式数据的生成。该算法首先识别出达曼光栅图形的边界点,然后按照左手原则对边界点进行排序并构成闭合曲线。针对闭合曲线中可能出现的“孤岛”,该算法可自动识别并依据其数量对图形重新分割取点。结果表明FBIA算法具有搜索快、效率高等优点,可广泛应用于各种二元位相型元件CIF格式掩模板数据的生成。     

Low divergent diffractive optical element for remote detection

The low divergent Dammann grating is researched for the potential applications in aerospace. A laserbeam writing system is developed for writing the low divergent Dammann grating. The uniformity and efficiency of the Dammann grating are presented in this letter. The novelty of this letter is to demonstrate a low-cost and effective method to fabricate low divergent Dammann grating.     

Polarization conversions of diffractive wave plates based on orthogonal circular-polarization holography

A polarization holographic grating, which integrates the functions of a grating and a wave plate and is called a diffractive wave plate, is recorded by two beams(left and right circularly polarized) of a 532 nm laser in an azo polymer with a liquid-crystal structure. The polarization conversion characteristics of the diffractive wave plates are investigated with a detecting light of 650 nm by metering the polarization state of first-order diffracted light.It is confirmed that the diffractive wave plates convert the incident linear polarization into circular polarization for a linearly polarized probe laser and reverse the sense of rotation of the circular polarization when the detecting light is circularly polarized light.     

A method to obtain pulse contrast on a single shot

A novel method for obtaining a single shot multi-point high dynamic range pulse contrast measurement is presented. We use Dammann gratings to generate multiple beamlets by division of amplitude on ultrashort laser pulses. The analysis results show that this method can achieve high dynamic range in pulse contrast measurement on a single shot by using photomultiplier tube （PMT） detectors and the long working distances to minimize cross talk between channels. Some distortion of pulse shape is also analyzed detailedly with the Dammann grating and its compensation grating, which may degrade the pulse contrast measurement in some degree by pulse stretching and spectrum clipping.     

Extending the detection range of optical vortices by Dammann vortex gratings

We report a 2D static binary phase Dammann vortex grating that combines the features of a conventional vortex grating and a Dammann grating. This grating uniformly distributes energies among the diffraction orders, so the low-efficiency problem at higher diffraction orders of conventional vortex gratings is resolved and the detection range of the optical vortices (OVs) is greatly increased. Experimental results of OV detection using a fabricated 5×5 Dammann vortex grating are given, and the topological charge detection range from -12 to +12 is achieved. The potential applications of such gratings include transmitting, receiving, and multiplexing OV beams in optical communication systems.     

Dammann光栅在光互连中的应用

本文将Ｄａｍｍａｎｎ光栅［１，２］应用于光互连，提出了用Ｄａｍｍａｎｎ光栅实现完全混洗的方法．一个２×２的Ｄａｍｍａｎｎ光栅与一个成像透镜的组合，具有与四焦点透镜类似的成像作用．像面上，像的位置与Ｄａｍｍａｎｎ光栅的位置有关，适当选择光栅的位置可以实现不同元素数目及不同元素密度的完全混洗．本文给出了有关的理论推导及实验结果．     

Influence of laser mode on splitting beam illumination effect of Dammann grating

The influences of various laser modes on the splitting beam effect of Dammann grating are studied in theory and by numerical simulation. The results show that fundamental mode laser resembles plane wave while high order mode laser differs from plane wave in the splitting beam effect by Dammann grating. Therefore, the fundamental mode laser is more suitable to be the light source to improve the energy efficiency in far-distance image detecting systems, such as laser image ladar, which use Dammann grating in the ilhlmination svstem.     

Characteristics of filament induced Dammann gratings fabricated using femtosecond laser

To establish optimal processing conditions for direct write fabrication of diffractive optical elements such as gratings, waveguides, lenses, we have investigated the effect of process parameters such as scan speed, numerical aperture (NA) of objective lens, pulse energy on the characteristics of the filament induced inside fused silica with a femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser. The optimum process parameters were used to fabricate a number of Dammann gratings, 6×6 array, having different thicknesses and number of layers. The performance of these optical elements was evaluated by measuring their diffraction efficiencies. All gratings fabricated were strongly birefringent, the zero order spot with high intensity was not separated from the spot array, and the intensity distribution of 6×6 spot array exhibited some degree of nonuniformity. The single layer Dammann grating fabricated with a thickness of 80 μm attained a maximum diffraction efficiency of 38.8%.     

High-power laser beam shaping by inseparable two-dimensional binary-phase gratings for surface modification of stamping dies

For surface modification of stamping dies, an inseparable two-dimensional binary-phase gratings is introduced to implement the wavefront transformation of high-power laser beams. The design and fabrication of the gratings are described in detail. Two-dimensional even sampling encoding scheme is adopted to overcome the limitations of conventional Dammann grating in the design of two-dimensional output patterns. High diffractive efficiency (>70%) can be achieved through the transformation of the Gaussian laser beam into several kinds of two-dimensional arrays in focal plan. The application of the binary-phase gratings in the laser surface modification of ductile iron is investigated, and the results show that the hardness and the wear resistance of the sample surface were improved significantly by using the binary-phase gratings.     

二元微透镜的位相平衡设计及叠加积分衍射分析

本文用位相平衡设计法设计了优化的二元光学微透镜，这是对Ｄａｍｍａｎｎ阶梯波带片设计方法的一种改进。文中用叠加积分作了二元微透镜的衍射分析，并与Ｄａｍｍａｎｎ法作了比较，计算结果说明本方法的衍射效率及象质都优于Ｄａｍｍａｎｎ法。且能设计更大相对口径（Ｄ／ｆ）。具有任意物象距的二元微透镜。     

On the design of Dammann gratings

In recent years the design of Dammann gratings for the application as array illuminators has been widely discussed. Important progress has been made. However, some problems concerning the control of design algorithms remain to be solved. It is shown how design theory of diffractive elements can be used to avoid these difficulties and to formulate a straightforward design method to obtain Dammann gratings optimized in diffraction efficiency and uniformity.     

A Spectrometer Based on Diffractive Lens

A novel spectrometer is designed based on diffractive lens. It is essentially a flat field spectrometer. All the focal points are along the optical axis. Besides, all the asymmetrical aberrations vanish in our mounting. Thus low aberration can be obtained. In this article a diffractive lens is modeled as a special grating and analyzed by using a grating-based method. And a stigmatic point is introduced to reduce the aberrations.     

A Spectrometer Based on Diffractive Lens

A novel spectrometer is designed based on diffractive lens. It is essentially a flat field spectrometer. All the focal points are along the optical axis. Besides, all the asymmetrical aberrations vanish in our mounting. Thus low aberration can be obtained. In this article a diffractive lens is modeled as a special grating and analyzed by using a grating-based method. And a stigmatic point is introduced to reduce the aberrations.     

自由空间微闪耀光栅解复用器

波分复用/解复用器件在光纤通信中具有重要的应用。设计了一种自由空间的微闪耀光栅解复用器,通过对其衍射光场的复振幅分布的研究,得到了满足1级闪耀输出的光栅方程,实现了复合波长信号光在空间上的解复用。通过对微闪耀光栅解复用器的衍射效率和串扰进行分析后表明,微闪耀光栅解复用器具有很高的衍射效率,信号间串扰非常小,而且元件尺寸小,结构紧凑,集成度高,在光通信和光信息处理中具有一定的应用价值。     

基于YAG透明陶瓷制作衍射光栅元件的研究

研究并制作了以钇铝石榴石(YAG)透明陶瓷为基底材料的衍射光栅元件。通过磁控溅射技术在YAG透明陶瓷表面溅射一层均匀致密的金属铬,获得带有硬掩模的陶瓷样品。借助接触式曝光系统进行光刻,反复试验,获得带有衍射光栅的YAG透明陶瓷样品。经光学轮廓仪检测,样品铬膜厚0.072 m,光栅细节得到完好保留。实际光栅的衍射图样再次验证了以YAG透明陶瓷代替传统微光刻基底材料制作衍射光栅的可行性,使得衍射光栅在更为复杂的环境下发挥作用成为可能。     

A Combined Phase Type Optical Element for Realizing Multiple Images

In this paper we introduce a new phase type combined optical element. The element is combined with Dammann grating and Fresnel zone plate in the same substrate by microelectronics technique, hence it has splitting functions of the Dammann grating and self-focusing function of the Fresnel plate. It can produce uniform multiple images by itself. We experimentally designed and fabricated an 9x9 multiple image element, and results show that the element can realize the multiple images we require and the intensity of each image is the same. Relative error is less than 5%.