二维光栅光调制器阵列的光学分析与实验

基于标量衍射理论分析了二维光栅光调制器的衍射特性,提出了投影系统的光学处理方法,利用Matlab软件进行了仿真分析.分析结果表明,二维光栅光调制器的衍射光强分布是单个像素衍射光强的干涉叠加,其分布趋势与单个光调制器的衍射光强分布类似;通过反傅里叶变换可将各个调制器的衍射光重新分开而成像.如果用±1级衍射光的成像,相位为2kπ的调制器在投影面得到一个明亮的像,而相位为(2k-1)π的调制器在投影像面上得到一个黑暗的像.通过一个基于静态微光电系统光栅光调制器的投影光学系统得到了一幅明暗调制的像,证明了光栅光调制器用于投影显示的可行性.     

基于Bragg反射面结构的衍射光栅设计与研究

基于Bragg反射光栅是一维光子晶体的一种特例结构,本文提出利用一维光子晶体带隙理论进行Bragg反射光栅设计.通过光学仿真软件OptiFDTD对Bragg反射光栅的宽度及倾斜角度误差的仿真分析,发现Bragg光栅齿刻槽宽度变化在10%范围、倾斜角度10°以内不会引起Bragg光栅衍射效率的明显变化,说明Bragg反射光栅具有较高的工艺误差容限;根据一维光子晶体带隙理论,设计了一种罗兰圆结构的Bragg衍射双光栅结构模型,实现了两个频段之间的衍射分光,优化分析结果表明:当第一套光栅中Bragg周期层数为6、第二套光栅Bragg周期层数为10时,两频段波长的衍射效率均可以达到70%左右,明显高于传统深刻蚀的衍射光栅.基于本设计的波分复用器是一种尺寸小、衍射效率高的新型EDG波分复用器,为未来高效密集型EDG波分复用器发展提供了一种新的设计思路.     

一种液晶相位调制特性的测量方法

提出一种基于衍射光栅的液晶相位调制特性测量方法.该方法利用液晶构建相位分别为0和φ的二值光栅,通过傅里叶光学的方法推导衍射光栅第0级衍射光斑光强和调制相位φ之间的关系,然后实测光强和液晶驱动电压之间的对应关系来得到相位和液晶驱动电压之间的对应关系,即液晶相位光栅的相位调制特性.最后利用测量相位调制特性结果构建液晶相控阵,用光束偏转误差验证调制特性测量结果,相位测量误差小于1×10~(-3)rad.     

光折变光栅在超短脉冲光照射下衍射的研究

利用Kogelnik单色光在体光栅中衍射效率公式推导出超短脉冲光读出稳态光折变体光栅时的衍射光频谱表达式，并在此基础上导出了脉冲光读出时的总衍射光强及总光强衍射效率.研究发现衍射光的频谱分布、总光强及衍射效率与光栅周期Λ、光栅厚度d和读出光脉冲宽度Δτ有密切的关系.通过调整这些参量，光折变光栅可以对入射的超短脉冲光实现不同程度的滤波作用.该结论可用于超短脉冲的整形研究.     

菌紫质同线偏振全息记录时再现光偏振方向对衍射效率的调制

当用相同偏振方向的物光和参考光在菌紫质薄膜上记录光栅时,再现光的偏振方向会影响其衍射效率.采用琼斯矩阵方法对此进行了理论分析,结果显示,再现光的偏振方向对衍射光的光强产生余弦调制;当再现光的偏振方向平行或垂直于记录光的偏振方向时,衍射光仍为线偏振光,其他情况下衍射光均变成椭圆偏振光.再现光偏振方向对衍射效率峰值的调制为正向余弦调制,对衍射效率稳定值的调制为反向余弦调制(与前者在相位上相差π).加入辅助紫光可抑制光栅的饱和,从而使得再现光偏振对衍射效率稳定值的调制由反向余弦调制变为正向余弦调制,并且提高了衍 关键词： 菌紫质 光致各向异性 衍射效率 琼斯矩阵     

Zn∶Fe∶LiNbO_3晶体二波耦合和相位共轭效应的研究

采用二波耦合和四波混频实验,研究了Zn:Fe:LN(Fe:0.03wt.%,Zn:5.0mol)晶体的光折变二波耦合衍射效率和长时间照射下透射光强随时间的动态变化行为,以及其相位共轭效应,分别测试了其二波耦合衍射效率和其相位共轭反射率,结果表明该晶体的衍射率可达到56%,且其衍射效率随着其信号光的减小先增大后减小,相位共轭反射率随信号光的增大呈减小的趋势,最高共轭反射率可达到650%。     

用液晶空间光调制器产生光阱阵列

液晶空间光调制器能够方便地用于制作各种衍射型光学元件, 但液晶空间光调制器存在分辨率有限的缺点, 本文提出了用液晶空间光调制器制作相位型光栅, 产生一维和二维光阱阵列的新方案, 用迭代傅里叶级数算法优化设计光栅的相位分布, 在不改变空间光调制器硬件参数设置的情况下, 充分利用和发掘了空间光调制器的优点, 同时又能较好地回避其所存在的缺陷. 根据现有的空间光调制器的技术参数, 模拟仿真设计光栅, 计算光强分布, 结果表明: 用大失谐、小功率激光照明, 能够产生具有很高峰值光强和光强梯度的光阱阵列, 囚禁冷原子的光学偶极势达到mK量级, 对原子的作用力远大于原子的重力.     

闪耀角可调微型可编程光栅的优化设计与仿真模拟

基于体硅微加工技术,设计了一种闪耀角可调的微型可编程光栅,对该光栅进行优化设计,并理论计算不同闪耀角、入射角条件下相对光强分布,采用COMSOL有限元仿真软件模拟不同入射参量下远场相对光强分布.结果表明:设计的可编程光栅有效反射面积占光栅总面积的83.63%,比表面微加工技术设计的光栅提高8%以上,最大工作闪耀角为6.84°;当532nm波长垂直入射时,0~10°闪耀角调制范围内最大衍射效率为96.67%.     

记录结构对体光栅各向异性衍射选择特性研究

以静态体光栅各向异性衍射理论分析模型为基础，将与体光栅厚度有关的记录光强调制度引入到各向异性耦合波方程中.利用耦合波理论分析了光折变晶体中体光栅的各向异性衍射性能，研究了在不同初始记录光强比的条件下，记录光入射角的改变对光折变体光栅各向异性布喇格衍射性能的影响.结果表明：记录光入射角和记录光初始光强比均对体光栅的各向异性衍射具有选择性；与此相比，记录光入射角和记录光初始光强比对于体光栅各向同性衍射不具备选择性.     

Mask相位法校准液晶空间光调制器的相位调制特性

提出Mask相位法校准出厂标定波长在532 nm的液晶空间光调制器(LC-SLM)在561 nm处的相位调制特性曲线.首先基于傅里叶光学模拟计算得出棋盘型二维相位光栅相位对比度与零级衍射光斑光强之间的对应关系,然后搭建实验光路测量计算机所发灰度图所对应的零级衍射光斑光强值.根据前面两组结果最后得到相位延迟量与计算机灰度...     

Circular Dammann grating

A circular Dammann grating that can produce circular equal intensities at various orders in the far field is described. A set of parameters such as order, circular number, uniformity, and diffraction efficiency has been defined to describe the novel diffractive phase elements. Numerical solutions of binary-phase (0, pi) circular Dammann gratings are given. The results of experiments with a four-order circular Dammann grating made by a lithographic technique are presented. This novel diffractive optical element should be highly interesting in a wide variety of practical applications.     

High-power laser beam shaping by inseparable two-dimensional binary-phase gratings for surface modification of stamping dies

For surface modification of stamping dies, an inseparable two-dimensional binary-phase gratings is introduced to implement the wavefront transformation of high-power laser beams. The design and fabrication of the gratings are described in detail. Two-dimensional even sampling encoding scheme is adopted to overcome the limitations of conventional Dammann grating in the design of two-dimensional output patterns. High diffractive efficiency (>70%) can be achieved through the transformation of the Gaussian laser beam into several kinds of two-dimensional arrays in focal plan. The application of the binary-phase gratings in the laser surface modification of ductile iron is investigated, and the results show that the hardness and the wear resistance of the sample surface were improved significantly by using the binary-phase gratings.     

Design of a circular Dammann grating

A novel circular Dammann grating is proposed to generate uniform-intensity impulse rings corresponding to different diffraction orders in the far field. The intensities of the rings are determined by the coefficients of the circular sine series decomposition of the grating function. The definition of diffraction efficiency and uniformity for this novel device are described. Numerical solutions of binary phase circular Dammann gratings are presented. A binary phase three-order circular Dammann grating of pi phase depth is fabricated by an e-beam direct writing technique and is experimentally demonstrated.     

Extending the detection range of optical vortices by Dammann vortex gratings

We report a 2D static binary phase Dammann vortex grating that combines the features of a conventional vortex grating and a Dammann grating. This grating uniformly distributes energies among the diffraction orders, so the low-efficiency problem at higher diffraction orders of conventional vortex gratings is resolved and the detection range of the optical vortices (OVs) is greatly increased. Experimental results of OV detection using a fabricated 5×5 Dammann vortex grating are given, and the topological charge detection range from -12 to +12 is achieved. The potential applications of such gratings include transmitting, receiving, and multiplexing OV beams in optical communication systems.     

On the design of Dammann gratings

In recent years the design of Dammann gratings for the application as array illuminators has been widely discussed. Important progress has been made. However, some problems concerning the control of design algorithms remain to be solved. It is shown how design theory of diffractive elements can be used to avoid these difficulties and to formulate a straightforward design method to obtain Dammann gratings optimized in diffraction efficiency and uniformity.     

Digital volume gratings

An optical element constructed by stacking a set of binary-phase grating sheets can simulate the functions of optically recorded volume gratings. Our electromagnetic numerical study also shows that if one of the grating sheets is replaced by another one with different grating period, power spectrum of the diffracted wave changes completely with extra diffraction orders. This property will claim strong advantage in security document applications. Analysis of alignment error reveals interesting phenomena concerning to how misalignment affects diffraction efficiency.     

Characteristics of filament induced Dammann gratings fabricated using femtosecond laser

To establish optimal processing conditions for direct write fabrication of diffractive optical elements such as gratings, waveguides, lenses, we have investigated the effect of process parameters such as scan speed, numerical aperture (NA) of objective lens, pulse energy on the characteristics of the filament induced inside fused silica with a femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser. The optimum process parameters were used to fabricate a number of Dammann gratings, 6×6 array, having different thicknesses and number of layers. The performance of these optical elements was evaluated by measuring their diffraction efficiencies. All gratings fabricated were strongly birefringent, the zero order spot with high intensity was not separated from the spot array, and the intensity distribution of 6×6 spot array exhibited some degree of nonuniformity. The single layer Dammann grating fabricated with a thickness of 80 μm attained a maximum diffraction efficiency of 38.8%.     

多层介质膜脉宽压缩光栅的严格矢量分析

用于展宽和压缩激光脉冲的多层膜脉宽压缩光栅是由多层介质高反膜和位于其顶层的浮雕光栅构成。以设计的高反射多层膜为基础,利用傅里叶模式理论分析了其衍射场分布,给出了TE波自准直角入射的使用条件下,多层介质膜脉宽压缩光栅衍射效率的表达式。以-1级衍射效率为评价函数,分别讨论了HfO2和SiO2为顶层材料时,多层膜脉宽压缩光栅-1级衍射效率高于0.95的光栅结构参量范围。结果表明,在该条件下,选择HfO2为顶层材料时,光栅结构参量有较大的取值范围。给出了优化的光栅结构参量,并分析了光栅制作误差及其使用条件的宽容度,对光栅制作工艺和使用具有一定的指导意义。     

Polarizing beam splitter of deep-etched triangular-groove fused-silica gratings

We investigated the use of a deep-etched fused-silica grating with triangular-shaped grooves as a highly efficient polarizing beam splitter (PBS). A triangular-groove PBS grating is designed at a wavelength of 1550 nm to be used in optical communication. When it is illuminated in Littrow mounting, the transmitted TE- and TM-polarized waves are mainly diffracted in the minus-first and zeroth orders, respectively. The design condition is based on the average differences of the grating mode indices, which is verified by using rigorous coupled-wave analysis. The designed PBS grating is highly efficient over the C+L band range for both TE and TM polarizations (>97.68%). It is shown that such a triangular-groove PBS grating can exhibit a higher diffraction efficiency, a larger extinction ratio, and less reflection loss than the binary-phase fused-silica PBS grating.     

SiC/W/Ir multilayer-coated grating for enhanced efficiency in 50-100 nm wavelength range in Seya-Namioka mount

A broadband [SiC/W/Ir](2) multilayer coating was deposited onto a diffraction grating to enhance the grating efficiency in the 50-100 nm wavelength range in a Seya-Namioka mount. The holographic ion-beam etched grating had a laminar profile with 1200 lines/mm. The coating was designed by using the subquarterwave multilayer theory. The measurement results show that the efficiency in the -1st diffraction order is greater than 9.3% throughout the wavelength range of 50-100 nm, which is obviously higher than that of single-layer gratings with SiC, Ir, or Au coatings.