基于侧向散射技术的近地面气溶胶后向散射系数廓线探测

气溶胶是大气中污染物PM2.5和灰霾的主要成分,近地面的气溶胶直接影响人们的生活和生产。利用电荷耦合器件(CCD)侧向散射激光雷达系统和相应的反演方法,对探测到的数据进行处理和分析。与后向散射激光雷达对比,验证了CCD侧向散射激光雷达探测结果的正确性。分析了2014年4月合肥西区董铺岛3 km高度范围内气溶胶后向散射系数的特点:随时间和高度变化;天气晴好时,地面上后向散射系数与地面站PM2.5质量浓度成正比;紧贴地面有一层较厚气溶胶。实验探测结果表明基于CCD的侧向散射激光雷达是探测近地面气溶胶浓度的一种有效的新方法。     

基于CCD的侧向散射激光雷达信号提取方法

后向散射激光雷达是探测大气气溶胶空间分布的强有力手段,但由于盲区和过渡区的存在,限制了它在近距离段的探测范围和精度。基于电荷耦合器(CCD)的侧向散射激光雷达可实现近距离段气溶胶信号的连续探测,且探测精度较高。分析了侧向散射激光雷达中干扰光和背景光的特点,找到了减少它们的方法。分析了激光在大气中产生侧向散射光的特点,找到了同一距离处侧向散射光的叠加方法。应用Matlab编程实现了对信号的自动提取,并与后向散射激光雷达信号进行了实验比对,结果表明该信号提取方法是可靠的、可行的。     

侧向散射激光雷达探测白天近地面气溶胶探测技术

基于CCD的侧向散射激光雷达不受几何因子的影响,是探测近地面气溶胶的有力工具。夜晚的探测技术已成熟,由于背景光中夜晚的月光和星光远弱于白天的太阳光,故利用夜晚探测技术得到的白天气溶胶信噪比很低。实验中选用窄带滤光片和小张角镜头,通过校正窄带滤光片透射率、缩短单次曝光时间、多次曝光平均等技术可有效提高白天探测气溶胶的信噪比。白天个例表明,侧向散射激光雷达与后向散射激光雷达反演的气溶胶后向散射系数廓线在0.75~1.50km范围内的变化趋势一致,并对0.75km以下侧向散射激光雷达探测的正确性进行了验证。对合肥地区近地面气溶胶后向散射系数进行了37h的连续昼夜探测,并与同一地点的温度、PM2.5质量浓度联合进行分析。研究表明,改进后的白天侧向散射激光雷达技术是正确、可行的。     

基于电荷耦合器件探测气溶胶散射相函数与大气能见度的研究

提出一种测量大气气溶胶散射相函数及能见度的方法,并且设计了以半导体激光器为光源和以电荷耦合器件(CCD)为探测器的实验装置,利用该实验装置测量了15°～45°的散射灰度值角分布。根据激光雷达方程和Henyey-Greenstein散射相函数理论,拟合气溶胶的相函数分布,计算其能见度。将拟合得到的相函数和计算的能见度的结果分别与POM天空辐射计和Belfort能见度得到的观测结果进行对比,结果表明两者一致性较好,证明了利用激光光源和CCD测量气溶胶相函数和能见度的可行性。     

CCD激光雷达探测白天近地面气溶胶消光系数（英文）

利用CCD激光雷达系统对合肥西郊近地面气溶胶消光系数进行了昼夜连续测量,弥补了传统后向散射激光雷达近地面盲区和重叠区域的数据空白.比较夜间Mie散射气溶胶激光雷达和CCD激光雷达获得的气溶胶消光系数,验证了CCD激光雷达系统的可靠性.CCD激光雷达系统的白天检测是可行的,并获得了10~180m高度的大气气溶胶消光系数,空间分辨率最高可达1cm.两种气溶胶消光系数分布表明,气溶胶消光系数在垂直方向上不是单调递减,且在一天中剧烈变化.CCD激光雷达检测到的气溶胶消光系数的时空演化图表明,随着天色变黑,整体气溶胶具有降低的趋势.CCD激光雷达的气溶胶消光系数曲线的日间检测是可以实现的.     

基于CCD侧向散射激光雷达的PM2.5浓度测量研究

基于侧向散射激光雷达方程和Mie散射理论,建立了PM2.5浓度与侧向散射光强的关系模型,提出了一种基于电荷耦合器件(CCD)实时监测近地面PM2.5浓度的方法。设计了以波长532nm激光器为光源、CCD为接收器的侧向散射激光雷达装置,利用该装置测量了散射角在15°~45°之间的侧向散射回波信号图,从回波信号图提取灰度值矩阵并分析其光强分布。与赛默飞世尔科技公司PM2.5监测仪(SHARP)提供的测量结果对比,拟合了PM2.5浓度与3个灰度等级光总能量的关系式,拟合度均在0.97以上。该装置具有操作便利、移动便捷、监测实时、成本较低的特点,在近地面比后向散射激光雷达具有更高的精度与实用性,有助于建立PM2.5污染物的分布和运动模型并绘制污染地图。     

不同风速下侧向散射激光雷达的回波信号分析

对不同风速条件下,CCD侧向散射激光雷达的回波信号进行了分析.根据Mie散射原理及侧向散射激光雷达工作原理,确定了大气气溶胶浓度与激光雷达侧向散射光强的相关性;进一步考虑气溶胶浓度与风速的关联,利用实验装置获取了激光雷达侧向散射光强与风速的关系,分析了不同风速条件下侧向散射激光雷达的回波信号.在轴流风机以及自然风两种条件下进行对比实验发现,当风速范围在1~4.5 m/s时,侧向散射光强随风速的增加而增加;当风速范围在4.5~6.0 m/s时,光强随风速的增加较少.对实验结果归一化处理,得到风速范围在1~4.5 m/s时,风速每增加1 m/s,侧向散射光强在轴流风机及自然风的实验条件下分别增加了3.7%和3.9%;风速范围在4.5~6.0 m/s时,风速每增加1 m/s,侧向散射光强分别减少了3.1%和3.8%,在自然风况的各个风向上都基本符合这一变化趋势.     

机载激光雷达信号Fernald前向反演的一种新定标方法

针对机载激光雷达信号Fernald前向反演方法要求准确得到标定值的问题,提出了一种新的定标方法:在机载激光雷达探测得到的各条大气回波信号廓线中,使用一条已知其大气气溶胶后向散射系数垂直分布的廓线,通过机载激光雷达方程来确定出其他各条回波信号廓线上的大气气溶胶后向散射系数标定值.模拟分析和实验验证了这种定标方法的可行性,用其标定值反演出的大气气溶胶后向散射系数垂直廓线是较为合理准确的;误差分析表明由该定标方法反演的大气气溶胶后向散射系数相对误差在20%以内.这种定标方法是可以运用于机载激光雷达信号Fernald前向反演的.     

基于气溶胶光学参数的拉曼激光雷达重叠因子校正方法

提出了一种稳定的拉曼激光雷达重叠因子计算和校正算法,适用于含有拉曼散射通道的激光雷达系统的重叠因子校正。此算法基于大气气溶胶光学参数的拉曼反演算法,通过分析消光系数和后向散射系数的反演特点,发现后向散射系数在过渡区中不受重叠因子的影响。用后向散射系数和激光雷达比的乘积对消光系数缺失信号进行初步校正,进而正演出初步校正后的拉曼散射回波信号,将实际拉曼散射回波信号与正演的拉曼散射回波信号相除即可得到重叠因子廓线。对回波信号和气溶胶光学参数进行了过渡区信号校正和盲区信号补充。分别用单组和连续的激光雷达实验观测数据进行了重叠因子的计算和校正,并与能见度仪观测的近地面数据进行了对比,呈现良好的一致性。结果表明,此算法对重叠因子计算较为稳定。     

水汽探测拉曼激光雷达的新型光谱分光系统设计与分析

提出并设计了一套新型的大气水汽和气溶胶探测用紫外域拉曼激光雷达系统, 以二向色镜和超窄带滤光片构成高效率拉曼光谱分光系统, 实现激光雷达大气回波信号中米-瑞利散射信号、 氮气和水汽的振动拉曼散射信号的精细分离和高效率提取. 利用美国标准大气的分子散射模型和实测的大气米散射信号模型, 对分光系统的米-瑞利散射信号的抑制率、大气水汽测量的信噪比和误差进行数值仿真设计. 搭建实验系统对西安地区夜间的大气水汽进行实验观测, 并利用有云天气下实测的激光雷达回波信号, 反演获得大气后向散射比和水汽混合比的相关特性, 验证了该拉曼光谱分光系统对米-瑞利信号的抑制率达到10^-7以上量级. 理论和实验结果表明, 设计的新型拉曼光谱分光系统可以在大气后向散射比为17时, 实现水汽探测误差小于15%, 满足拉曼激光雷达系统对大气水汽的高效率探测. 关键词： 拉曼激光雷达 水汽混合比 大气后向散射比     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.     

Fiber Modal Index Measurements Based on Fiber Gratings

A novel method based on fiber gratings for measuring the effective indices of fiber modes is proposed. The effective index difference between the core mode and a cladding mode was obtained by analyzing the interference fringe of a pair of cascaded long-period fiber gratings. In order to extract the core mode index from the measured index difference, an index matching oil immersion method is proposed. By analyzing the interaction between the cladding mode and the oil applied on the cladding surface, the mode order and the effective index of the involved cladding mode might be calculated. Experimental results about the interference fringe shifts induced by the oil index and the oil-applied length are also presented.     

Optical Pulse Compression Schemes That Use Nonlinear Bragg Gratings

Nonlinear optical pulse compression of picosecond pulses typically requires long lengths of optical fiber and multiple components. Periodic structures, such as fiber Bragg gratings, are highly dispersive at wavelengths outside of the photonic bandgap. This implies that such gratings can be used as very short all-fiber compressors. In this paper a number of such compression schemes are reviewed involving uniform and nonuniform fiber Bragg gratings, relying on both soliton and nonsoliton compression principles. Experimental results supporting the corresponding underlying theory are also presented. Finally, an extension of one of the compression schemes is shown, which allows the generation of adjustable high-repetition rate soliton trains.