2002年全国高中学生化学竞赛理论试题答案

第1题1－1(NH4)3H4PMo12O42·H2O＋26NaOH＝12Na2MoO4＋Na2HPO4＋3NH3＋17H2ONH3＋HCI＝NH4 Cl计量关系 P2O5－(NH4)3H4PMo12O42·H2O－NaOH1－2－46P2O5的摩尔质量:142g·mol-1P2O5%:(1．026mol·dm－3×0．04000dm-3－0．1022mol·dm－30．01520dm-3×142g·mol-1(46×0．385g)＝0．317＝31．7%(计量关系正确得3分,计算合理结果错扣1分,有效数字错扣0．5分)     

新型高分子-多酸电荷转移配合物的合成与表征

以Keggin结构的磷钨酸、硅钨酸为电子受体,高分子聚乙烯亚胺(PEI)为电子给体,合成了两种新型电荷转移配合物CH2CH2N(CH2CH2NH2)CH2CH2NHCH2CH2NH2.1H3PW12O40·10.6H2O(配合物Ⅰ)和CH2CH2N(CH2CH2NH2)CH2CH2NHCH2CH2NH1.3H4SiW12O40·8.3H2O(配合物Ⅱ)。采用元素分析、红外光谱和紫外光谱进行表征,并用扫描电镜观察产物形貌及其聚集形态。结果表明有机给体与杂多酸间有较强的相互作用。光致变色后,配合物中有机阳离子和杂多阴离子之间发生了电荷转移,导致杂多阴离子中WⅥ还原为WⅤ,同时有机阳离子被氧化,且该配合物有很高的耐溶剂性。     

纳米(NH4)3PMo6W6O40的室温固相合成及形成机理

以H3PMo6W6O40•23H2O和(NH4)2C2O4•H2O为原料，采用室温固相反应合成出(NH4)3PMo6W6O40•6H2O产物，用元素分析、IR、UV-Vis、XRD、TEM、TG-DTA、BET等手段确定其组成、结构和性能.结果表明，产物为纳米粒子，平均粒径为10 nm.纳米粒子保持着杂多阴离子的Keggin特征结构，比表面积为167.6 m2•g－1，且在465 ℃以下具有良好的热稳定性.反应中反应热能、结晶水和生成物H2C2O4•2H2O对形成小粒径的(NH4)3PMo6W6O40纳米粒子起关键作用.     

一步室温固相化学反应合成纳米氨基酸杂多电荷转移配合物(HPhe)3PMo12O40·2H2O

以Keggin结构的钼磷酸(H3PMo12O40·13H2O)与苯丙氨酸(Phe)为原料,利用一步固相化学反应于室温合成了纳米氨基酸杂多电荷转移配合物(HPhe)3PMo12O40·2H2O,采用元素分析,IR,XRD,TEM,UV和循环伏安法等手段对其进行了结构表征及性质研究.结果表明,标题化合物纳米粒子为均匀的球状,粒径约为30～40nm.该化合物中杂多阴离子部分仍保持Keggin结构,但在钼磷酸与苯丙氨酸之间发生了显著的电荷转移.     

有机-无机复合杂多化合物的合成、结构及表征

利用常规水溶液法制备了三种基于饱和Keggin结构阴离子的有机-无机复合杂多化合物[Pr(pydc)(H2O)6]2H[PMo12O40]·4H2O(1)、[Nd(pydc)(H2O)6]2H[PMo12O40]·4H2O(2)和[Tb(pydc)(H2O)6]2H[PMo12O40]·4H2O(3)(pydc=2,6...     

含铁杂多酸盐Mossbauer谱研究 IV: 钼磷铁杂多酸盐的合成和Mossbauer谱

合成了钼磷铁杂多黄(NH4)4[PFeMo11O40H2]·9H2O和杂多蓝(NH4)4[PFeMo11O40H3]·11H2O的铵盐晶体, 用^5^7Fe同位素增丰Mossbauer谱法, 结合磁化率测定, 研究其结构与性质, 并讨论了四极分裂值Q2和Keggin结构杂多阴离子中MO6(M=Mo, Fe)八面体畸变大小的关系, 进一步证实Keggin结构杂多蓝阴离子中Mo(V)-O-Fe(III)间存在反磁交换作用。     

含铁杂多酸盐Mossbauer谱研究 IV: 钼磷铁杂多酸盐的合成和Mossbauer谱

合成了钼磷铁杂多黄(NH4)4[PFeMo11O40H2]·9H2O和杂多蓝(NH4)4[PFeMo11O40H3]·11H2O的铵盐晶体, 用^5^7Fe同位素增丰Mossbauer谱法, 结合磁化率测定, 研究其结构与性质, 并讨论了四极分裂值Q2和Keggin结构杂多阴离子中MO6(M=Mo, Fe)八面体畸变大小的关系, 进一步证实Keggin结构杂多蓝阴离子中Mo(V)-O-Fe(III)间存在反磁交换作用。     

含混合价态钒的晶体[N(CH3)4]4[H5PMo5V9O42]·3.5H2O的合成与结构

含有钒和钼的化合物在催化、抗病毒药物、功能材料等领域具有广阔的应用前景 [1～ 4 ] .近年来 ,钒取代的杂多化合物或金属 -氧簇的合成与表征已引起人们的广泛关注 ,许多新的化合物已被合成 ,如含五价钒的化合物 K7[Mo8V5O4 0 ]· 8H2 O和 Na3[VMo12 O4 0 ]· 1 9H2 O[5,6 ] ,含有混合价态钒的簇阴离子[( V V Mo10 ) VO4 0 ]6 - 和 [Mo8V V4 O4 0 ]8- 的化合物 [7,8] ,含双帽 Keggin 结构的簇阴离子[PMo6 VMo6 O4 0 ( V O) 2 ]5- 和 [PMo8V 4 V 2 O4 2 ]5- 的化合物 [9,10 ] 等 ,但所报道的含混合价态钒的 V- Mo化合物中含…     

新颖的(4,4’-bipy){[Ag(4,4’-bipy)]3[PMo12ⅥO40]}·H2O三维超分子多金属氧酸盐的合成和晶体结构

利用H3PMo12O40·4H2O, 4,4’-bipy和AgNO3反应, 在中温水热条件下合成了一种新颖的三维超分子多金属氧酸盐 (4,4’-bipy){[Ag(4,4’-bipy)]3[PMo12ⅥO40]}·H2O(1), 并通过元素分析、红外光谱、热重分析和X射线单晶衍射对其结构进行了表征. 结果表明, 该化合物属三斜晶系, P1空间群, 晶胞参数a=1.1275(2) nm, b=1.1910(2) nm, c =1.2898(3) nm, α = 112.63(3)°, β=94.63(3)°, γ=99.53(3)°, V=1.5567(5) nm3, Z=1. 该化合物具有三维超分子结构及荧光性质.     

Keggin结构多金属氧酸盐粒子的制备及表征

以磷钼酸和柠檬酸三铵为原料,分别采用固相法和液相法,制备了Keggin结构的(NH4)3PMo12O40·4H2O粒子.采用元素分析、FTIR、XRD、TG-DTA和SEM对制备的粒子的组成、结构和形貌进行了表征.固相法制备的粒子为不规则球形,平均粒径35nm左右;液相法制备的粒子为规则的菱形十二面体形状,粒子大小约500m左右.热解性质表明,制备的粒子在400℃以下具有良好的热稳定性.对(NH4)3PMo12O40·4H2O粒子的形成机理进行了探讨,发现反应过程中的生成物柠檬酸对粒子的形貌控制起到关键作用.     

Tetravalent metal complexation by Keggin and lacunary phosphomolybdate anions

We report the synthesis, spectroscopic and structural characterization, and computational analysis of a series of phosphomolybdate complexes with tetravalent metal cations. The reaction between Ce (IV) and Th (IV) with phosphomolybdate at the optimum pH for the stabilization of the lacunary heteropolyoxometalate anion, [PMo 11O 39] (7-), results in the formation of compounds containing the anions [Ce(PMo 11O 39) 2] (10-) and [Th(PMo 11O 39) 2] (10-), respectively. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was performed on salts of both species, Cs 10[Ce(PMo 11O 39) 2].20H 2O and (NH 4) 10[Th(PMo 11O 39) 2].22H 2O. In both anionic complexes the f-block metal cation is coordinated to the four unsaturated terminal lacunary site oxygens of each [PMo 11O 39] (7-) anion, yielding 8 coordinate sandwich complexes, analogous to previously prepared related complexes. Spectroscopic characterization points to the stability of these complexes in solution over a reasonably wide pH range. Density functional analysis suggests that the Ce-O bond strength in [Ce(PMo 11O 39) 2] (10-) is greater than the Th-O bond strength in [Th(PMo 11O 39) 2] (10-), with the dominant bonding interaction being ionic in both cases. In contrast, under similar reaction conditions, the dominant solid state Zr (IV) and Hf (IV) complexes formed contain the anions [Zr(PMo 12O 40)(PMo 11O 39)] (6-) and [Hf(PMo 12O 40)(PMo 11O 39)] (6-), respectively. In these complexes the central Group 4 d-block metal cations are coordinated to the four unsaturated terminal lacunary site oxygens of the [PMo 11O 39] (7-) ligand and to four bridging oxygens of a plenary Keggin anion, [PMo 12O 40] (3-). In addition, (NH 4) 5{Hf[PMo 12O 40][(NH 4)PMo 11O 39]}.23.5H 2O can be crystallized as a minor product. The structure of the anion, {Hf[PMo 12O 40][(NH 4)PMo 11O 39]} (5-), reveals coordination of the central Hf (IV) cation via four bridging oxygens on both the coordinated [PMo 11O 39] (7-) and [PMo 12O 40] (3-) anions. Unusually, the highly charged lacunary site remains uncoordinated to the Hf metal center but instead interacts with an ammonium cation. (31)P NMR indicates that complexation of the Keggin anion, [PMo 12O 40] (3-), to Hf (IV) and Zr (IV) will stabilize the Keggin anion to a much higher pH than usually observed.     

季铵盐修饰磷钼酸铵纳米微粒的制备、结构表征及摩擦学性能

在醇 -水体系中采用同阴离子共沉淀法制备了季铵盐修饰的 (NH4 ) 3PMo12 O4 0 纳米微粒 ,采用TEM ,XRD ,FTIR ,TGA&DSC等多种分析手段表征了这种纳米微粒的形貌和结构 ,在四球试验机上考察了它们的摩擦学性能。结果表明所合成的杂多化合物具有Keggin骨架结构 ,微粒粒径约 2 0nm ,在有机溶剂中可良好分散 ,作为一类新型润滑油添加剂 ,具有良好的抗磨性能。     

In situ investigations of structure-activity relationships in heteropolyoxomolybdates as partial oxidation catalysts

The structural evolution of Keggin-type heteropolyoxomolybdates (HPOM) during thermal treatment in propene and in propene and oxygen in the temperature range from 300 to 773 K was investigated by in situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) and in situ X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) combined with mass spectrometry. During treatment in propene or hydrogen and at reaction temperatures above 673 K, the initially triclinic H(3)[PMo(12)O(40)].13 H(2)O is transformed quantitatively into a cubic HPOM (Pn$\bar 3$m, a=11.853 A) exhibiting a long-range structure similar to that of the corresponding cesium salts. The treatment described constitutes the first readily available preparation route for a cubic HPOM without alkali metal ions in the structure. For both H(3)[PMo(12)O(40)] and Cs(2)H[PMo(12)O(40)] migration of molybdenum from the Keggin ion onto interstitial sites is proposed to occur in propene or hydrogen at temperatures above about 573 K to give thermally stable, partially reduced lacunary Keggin ions. During activation in propene and oxygen the onset of catalytic activity of H(3)[PMo(12)O(40)] and Cs(2)H[PMo(12)O(40)] at about 573 K correlates with partial reduction of Mo and characteristic changes in the local structure of the Keggin ion. The structural changes observed indicate that, similar to the treatment of the HPOM in propene, migration of molybdenum from the Keggin ions onto interstitial sites and formation of lacunary Keggin ions take place. Moreover, the formation of these partially reduced lacunary Keggin ions appears to be a prerequisite for the material to become an active heterogeneous catalyst. Evidently, the undistorted Keggin ion in the as-prepared HPOM has to be regarded as a precursor of the active catalyst.     

磷钼酸和磷钼钒酸及其盐的氧化还原特性

本文以硫酸为支持电解质,在水-1,4-二氧六环混合溶剂中,用电化学方法研究了Keggin结构的H₃PMo₁₂O₄₀、M₃PMo₁₂O₄₀(M=NH₄,Na,K)、H₄PMo₁₁VO₄₀及M_nH_4-nPMo₁₁VO₄₀(M=Na,La,K,Eu;对于Na和La,n=1～4,对于K,n=4;对于Eu,n=2)的氧化还原特性。还分析了钼和钒的氧化还原顺序及其可逆性。     

Novel charge transfer supramolecular assemblies with Keggin anions and 2-amino-5-nitropyridine

Several novel compounds with the non-linear optical chromophore 2-amino-5-nitropyridine (2A5NP) and Keggin polyoxoanions (alpha-isomers), having the general formula (2A5NP)(m)H(n)[XM12O40].xH2O, M = Mo, W, were synthesised. Compounds were obtained with X = P, n = 3, m = 3 and 4 and X = Si, n = m = 4 (x = 2-6). Thus, for each of the anions [PMo12O40]3- and [PW12O40]3- two different compounds were obtained, with the same anion and organic counterpart but with a different stoichiometric ratio. These presented different charge transfer properties and thermal stability. All compounds were characterised by spectroscopic and analytical techniques. The single crystal X-ray diffraction structure of (2A5NP)4H3[PMo12O40].2.5H2O.0.5C2H5OH showed that the water solvent molecules and the organic chromophores are assembled via infinite one-dimensional chains of hydrogen bonds with formation of open channels, which accommodate [PMo12O40]3- and ethanol solvent molecules.     

Syntheses and Characterizations of Two New Organic-inorganic Hybrids Based on Heteropolymolybdates and Piperidine Molecules

1 INTRODUCTION The rational design and synthesis of organic-inor- ganic hybrid materials have recently attracted an increasing interest not only from a structural point of view, but also due to their potential applications in different areas such as catalysis, medicine, sorption, electrical conductivity, magnetism and photoche- mistry[1~8]. It should be noted that polyoxometalates (POMs)[9~11], known as their wide applications in many interdisciplinary fields, are an outstanding class o…     

表面修饰磷钼酸铵纳米微粒的合成及摩擦学行为研究

在醇-水体系中采用同阴离子共沉淀法合成了季铵盐修饰的(NH4)3PMo12O40纳米微粒,以TEM、 XRD、 FTIR、 TGA、 DSC等多种分析手段表征了这种纳米微粒的形貌和结构,在四球试验机上考察了它们的摩擦学性能.结果表明所合成的杂多化合物具有Keggin骨架结构,微粒粒径约20 nm,在有机溶剂中可良好分散,作为一类新型润滑油添加剂,具有良好的抗磨性能.     

SiO2负载H6PMo9V2Nb1O40杂多酸的制备与表征

用经典酸化与乙醚萃取相结合的方法，制得了H6PMo9V2Nb1O40杂多酸，并采用等体积浸渍法将其负载到载体SiO2上，通过循环伏安、XRD、BET、TG-DTA、IR和UV-vis等技术的综合表征表明：H6PMo9V2Nb1O40具有Keggin型杂多酸结构和较强的氧化还原性能，且氧化还原过程可逆性好；这种杂多酸与SiO2载体表面通过端氧和桥氧发生键合作用，负载到SiO2上的杂多酸其比表面积显著增大，并保持了原有的Keggin结构和热稳定性。